句子成分
八类句子成分
| 名称 | 说明 | 解释 |
| 主语 | 全句所述说的对象 | subject是一个句子的主题，是句子所属说的主体，它的位置一般在句首。可用作主语的有单词，短语，从句，句子。 |
| 谓语 | 述说主语的动作或状态 | Predicate. 谓语的位置一般在主语之后，谓语由简单动词，动词短语（助动词或情态动词+主要动词）构成 |
| 表语 | 表述主语的身份或特殊 | 表语的功能是表述主语的特征，状态，身份等。它位于系动词(get, become)或be动词(am, is, are)之后，与之构成所谓的系表结构。在系表结构中，系动词或be动词只是形式上的谓语，而起谓语作用的则是表语。可作为表语的词有：名词，形容词，代词，数词，副词，不定式，动名词，分词，介词短语，从句等 |
| 宾语 | 及物动词或介词的对象 | Object, 宾语在句中主要充当动作的承受者，因此一般皆位于及物动词之后，可做宾语的有：名词，代词，数词，名词化的形容词（the rich, the poor), 不定式，从句等。 |
| 定语 | 限定或修饰名词 | 用来说明名词（代词）的品质与特征的词或一组词。可用定语的有：形容词，名词，代词，数词，副词，不定式，动名词，分词，介词短语，从句。 |
| 状语 | 修饰动词，副词，形容词以及全句 | adverbial. 状语是修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分。可以用作状语的有：副词，名词，代词，形容词，不定式，分词，介词短语，从句等。状语按用途分为：时间，地点，原因，结果，目的，条件，让步，程度，方式，伴随等。 |
| 同位语 | 解释或说明同一成分 | appositive, 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可以被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分。前者就叫做后者的同位语。这两个句子成分多由名词(代词）担任，同位语通常放在其说明的名词(代词)之后 |
| 补语 | 补充说明主语或宾语 | 补语(complement)是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫主语补语（subject complement), 补足宾语意义的句子成分叫宾语补语（object complement). 可用作补语的有：名词，形容词，不定式，动名词，分词，介词短语等。 |
主语
About 27% of the trash is recycled.
The steady deterioration of the climate is worrying.
Halting climate change is no easy task.
To find your way around Brisbane is easy.
宾语
He stopped smoking last month.
Please remember to buy some milk.
You don't find opportunities. You make them.
They bought a new car yesterday.
表语
There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
The man was a policeman when he was in his hometown.
The film star is very popular with young people.
As I thought, he was generous.
状语
Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America.
The reports were not taken seriously.
Jack is always raising money for one cause or another.
An interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on the Aegean island of Kea.
补语
Puma fur was found clinging to bushes.
The little girl was made to cry.
I saw the boy running into the classroom.
The old man was found dead.
同位语
I soon recognized the man as Bill Wilkins, our local grocer.
Newman, our new teacher, is very funny.
Verrazano, an Italian, sailed into New Youk Harbour in 1524.
Beijing, the capital of China, receives large crowds of visitors each year.
句子成分
按用途分：
The student is very diligent.(陈述句）
What is the climate like in your city?(疑问句)
Hand in your paper now!（祈使句）
What a sunny day it is!(感叹句）
How sunny a day it is!(感叹句）
简单句5种：
The boy ran away.(主 + 谓)
The little baby is very cute.(主 + 系 + 表)
I like jasmine tea.(主 + 谓 + 宾)
I gave her a Teddy Bear.(主 + 谓 + 双宾)（直接宾语和间接宾语，前间后直）I gave a Teddy Bear to her.
We elected John monitor.(主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补)
'双宾' 和 '宾语 + 宾补'的判断方法：
在两个名词之间加入'是'进行尝试，如不合逻辑，则为双宾关系。如果符合逻辑，则为宾语和宾补关系。
I gave her (是) a Teddy Bear.（她是a Teddy Bear. X）
We elected John (是) monitor.（John 是monitor. OK）
并列句
He was very diligent and finally he achieved his goal.
I invited her to the party, but she politely declined.
复合句（主从句）
| 复合句（主从句） |
复合句（主从句）由一个主句或一个以上的从句构成。主句是全句的主体，往往可以独立存在，而从句仅是全句的一个句子成分，不能独立存在。 从句，就是‘从属’于句子的一个组成单位。因为句子的组成单位是单词，所以从句在一个句子中的作用和单词一样。 |
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| 名词性从句 | 主语从句 | That the two men were brothers was obvious from their facial resemblance. |
| 宾语从句 | I know that the two men are brothers. | |
| 表语从句 | The problem is who we can get to replace him. | |
| 同位语从句 | Did you hear the news that another hospital was built? | |
| 形容词性从句 | 定语从句 | The news that you told me yesterday is not true. |
| 副词从句 | 状语从句 |
After the fruit is harvested, it is sold at the market.(时间状语从句） Wherever there are computers, there is Microsoft software. (地点状语从句) I didn't call her because I'm shy.（原因状语从句） She took a computer course in order that she could get a better job.(目的状语从句) If you save your money, you will be able to go to college.(条件状语从句) Although Jim has a master's degree, he works as a store clerk.(让步状语从句) He looks as if he were frightened.(方式状语从句) This book is more interesting than that one.(比较状语从句) I was so weak that I could not speak.(结果状语从句)
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主谓一致
在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致
语法一致
- 以单数名词或代词，动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句做主语时，谓语动词一般使用单数形式。主语为复数时，谓语动词使用复数形式。
To study English well is not easy.
Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.
- 由连接词and, both...and.连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。
- 主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面根有with, together with, except, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引导的短语，谓语动词仍然使用单数形式，如果主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。
Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.
- either, neither, each, every 或 no+单数名词 和由some, any, no, every构成的符合不定式（someone, anyone)都作单数看待。
- 在定语从句中，关系代词that, who, which等做主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
He is one of my friends who are working hard.
He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.
-如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数。如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数。
family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience.
Class Four is on the third floor.
Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.
逻辑一致
- 逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数，有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）
- 表示 时间，重量，长度，价值 等名词的复数做主语，谓语动词通常用 单数 形式。这是由于做主语的名词在概念上是一个整体
- 如果英语是 书名，片名，格言，剧名，报名，国名的复数形式，谓语动词通常用 单数
- 一些学科名词以 -ics 结尾，如： mathematics, politics, physics, 都属于形式上的复数名词，其实际意义为单数名词，其谓语动词用 单数。
- trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等词做主语时，谓语用 复数。
但是如果这些名词前面有a, the pair of 等量词修复，谓语动词用 单数
就近一致
在英语 句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致
- 当两个主语由 either...or, neither...nor, whether...or..., not only...but also 连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致
She was not only intelligent but also very musical.
He not only read the book but also remembered what he had read.
She seemed neither surprised nor worried.
Either the teacher or the students are our friends.
- there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由 and 连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的主语保持一致
There are two chairs and a desk in the room
