Git rebase使用
rebase的优点和缺点
优点
- rebase最大的好处是你的项目历史会非常整洁
- rebase 导致最后的项目历史呈现出完美的线性——你可以从项目终点到起点浏览而不需要任何的 fork。这让你更容易使用 git log、git bisect 和 gitk 来查看项目历史
缺点
- 安全性,
如果你在公共分支上使用rebase
,重写项目历史可能会给你的协作工作流带来灾难性的影响 - 可跟踪性,
rebase会更改历史记录
,rebase 不会有合并提交中附带的信息——你看不到 feature 分支中并入了上游的哪些更改
分支内合并多个commit为一个新commit使用:
命令:
这里我们使用命令:
git rebase -i [startpoint] [endpoint]
其中-i
的意思是--interactive
,即弹出交互式的界面让用户编辑完成合并操作,[startpoint]
[endpoint]
则指定了一个编辑区间,如果不指定[endpoint]
,则该区间的终点默认是当前分支HEAD
所指向的commit
(注:该区间指定的是一个前开后闭的区间)。
使用:
log日志:
D:\Git\shell-demo (master -> origin)
$ git l
* d7a7c8f - (HEAD -> master) cc (33 minutes ago) | hongda
* dbe4bac - bb (33 minutes ago) | hongda
* 439e203 - aa (34 minutes ago) | hongda
* 5b38c9e - init (8 months ago) | hongqi
执行rebase命令:
$ git rebase -i 5b38c9e
或者:
$ git rebase -i HEAD~3
弹出的vim界面:
pick 439e203 aa
pick dbe4bac bb
pick d7a7c8f cc
# Rebase 5b38c9e..d7a7c8f onto 5b38c9e (3 commands)
#
# Commands:
# p, pick <commit> = use commit
# r, reword <commit> = use commit, but edit the commit message
# e, edit <commit> = use commit, but stop for amending
# s, squash <commit> = use commit, but meld into previous commit
# f, fixup <commit> = like "squash", but discard this commit's log message
# x, exec <command> = run command (the rest of the line) using shell
# d, drop <commit> = remove commit
# l, label <label> = label current HEAD with a name
# t, reset <label> = reset HEAD to a label
# m, merge [-C <commit> | -c <commit>] <label> [# <oneline>]
# . create a merge commit using the original merge commit's
# . message (or the oneline, if no original merge commit was
# . specified). Use -c <commit> to reword the commit message.
#
# These lines can be re-ordered; they are executed from top to bottom.
#
# If you remove a line here THAT COMMIT WILL BE LOST.
#
# However, if you remove everything, the rebase will be aborted.
#
# Note that empty commits are commented out
D:/Git/shell-demo/.git/rebase-merge/git-rebase-todo [unix] (16:23 24/12/2018)
上面未被注释的部分列出的是我们本次rebase操作包含的所有提交,下面注释部分是git为我们提供的命令说明。每一个commit id 前面的pick
表示指令类型,git 为我们提供了以下几个命令:
- pick:保留该commit(缩写:p)
- reword:保留该commit,但我需要修改该commit的注释(缩写:r)
- edit:保留该commit, 但我要停下来修改该提交(不仅仅修改注释)(缩写:e)
- squash:将该commit和前一个commit合并(缩写:s)
- fixup:将该commit和前一个commit合并,但我不要保留该提交的注释信息(缩写:f)
- exec:执行shell命令(缩写:x)
- drop:我要丢弃该commit(缩写:d)
修改为:
pick 439e203 aa
s dbe4bac bb
s d7a7c8f cc
在弹出下面的界面,可以修改注释
# This is a combination of 3 commits.
# This is the 1st commit message:
modify file
# This is the commit message #2:
bb
# This is the commit message #3:
cc
# Please enter the commit message for your changes. Lines starting
再次查看日志:
D:\Git\shell-demo (master -> origin)
$ git l
* 7e09cf2 - (HEAD -> master) modify file (69 seconds ago) | hongda
* 5b38c9e - init (8 months ago) | hongqi
多个commitid合并成了一个新的commitid
将其他分支合并到主分支,表现为线性:
mm分支:
D:\Git\shell-demo (mm -> origin)
$ git l
* 01dc337 - (HEAD -> mm) c (7 seconds ago) | hongda
* 1719011 - b (18 seconds ago) | hongda
* 588069c - a (34 seconds ago) | hongda
* 5b38c9e - init (8 months ago) | hongqi
master分支:
D:\Git\shell-demo (master -> origin)
$ git l
* 5b38c9e - init (8 months ago) | hongqi
合并:
D:\Git\shell-demo (master -> origin)
$ git rebase mm
First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it...
Fast-forwarded master to mm.
D:\Git\shell-demo (master -> origin)
$ git l
* 01dc337 - (HEAD -> master, mm) c (57 seconds ago) | hongda
* 1719011 - b (68 seconds ago) | hongda
* 588069c - a (84 seconds ago) | hongda
* 5b38c9e - init (8 months ago) | hongqi
如果rebase有冲突,跟merge一样解决冲突提交即可。
将其他分支多个commit合并到主分支,并形成一个新commit:
我不建议这么使用,除非这里的分支合并完以后就不使用了,不然的话,以后有新的提交,再次合并,很可能忘记从那个commit开始合并。
命令:
我们使用命令的形式为:
git rebase [startpoint] [endpoint] --onto [branchName]
其中,[startpoint]
[endpoint]
仍然和上一个命令一样指定了一个编辑区间(前开后闭),--onto
的意思是要将该指定的提交复制到哪个分支上。
所以,在找到C(90bc0045b)和E(5de0da9f2)的提交id后,我们运行以下命令:
git rebase 90bc0045b^ 5de0da9f2 --onto master
注:因为[startpoint]
[endpoint]
指定的是一个前开后闭的区间,为了让这个区间包含C提交,我们将区间起始点向后退了一步
使用:
mm分支:
D:\Git\shell-demo (mm -> origin)
$ git l
* 88dc407 - (HEAD -> mm) e (3 seconds ago) | hongda
* 9cc37e9 - d (14 seconds ago) | hongda
* 01dc337 - c (2 hours ago) | hongda
* 1719011 - b (2 hours ago) | hongda
* 588069c - a (2 hours ago) | hongda
* 5b38c9e - init (8 months ago) | hongqi
master分支:
$ git l
* 41fd42b - (HEAD -> master) modify file for aa commit (39 seconds ago) | hongda
* 5b38c9e - init (8 months ago) | hongqi
rebase命令:
git rebase 588069c 88dc407 --onto master
合并b,c,d,e四个提交到master,注意并不包括a
First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it...
Applying: b
Using index info to reconstruct a base tree...
M asd.txt
Falling back to patching base and 3-way merge...
Auto-merging asd.txt
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in asd.txt
error: Failed to merge in the changes.
hint: Use 'git am --show-current-patch' to see the failed patch
Patch failed at 0001 g
Resolve all conflicts manually, mark them as resolved with
"git add/rm <conflicted_files>", then run "git rebase --continue".
You can instead skip this commit: run "git rebase --skip".
To abort and get back to the state before "git rebase", run "git rebase --abort".
如果合并过程中遇到冲突,就解决冲突,并add,再继续rebase
D:\Git\shell-demo (HEAD detached at 80f8fc3 -> origin)
$ git aa
D:\Git\shell-demo (HEAD detached at 80f8fc3 -> origin)
$ git rebase --continue
多个合并冲突就会合并多次,合并多次就会产生多个commit,跟我想只有一个commit的意愿违背,非常不喜欢
注意,冲突就会切换到游离分支,解决办法就是创建一个临时分支,用完再删除。