python基础---数据类型

  1. 列表、元组操作
  2. 字符串操作
  3. 字典操作
  4. 集合操作
  5. 文件操作
  6. 字符编码与转码

. 列表、元组操作

列表是我们最以后最常用的数据类型之一,通过列表可以对数据实现最方便的存储、修改等操作

定义列表

 1 names = ['hh',"xx",'sx'] 

过下标访问列表中的元素,下标从0开始计数

1 >>> names[0]
2 'hh'
3 >>> names[1]
4 'xx'
5 >>> names[2]
6 'sx'

切片:取多个元素

 1 >>> names = ["Alex","Tenglan","Eric","Rain","Tom","Amy"]
 2 >>> names[1:4]  #取下标1至下标4之间的数字,包括1,不包括4
 3 ['Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain']
 4 >>> names[1:-1] #取下标1至-1的值,不包括-1
 5 ['Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain', 'Tom']
 6 >>> names[0:3] 
 7 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric']
 8 >>> names[:3] #如果是从头开始取,0可以忽略,跟上句效果一样
 9 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric']
10 >>> names[3:] #如果想取最后一个,必须不能写-1,只能这么写
11 ['Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy'] 
12 >>> names[3:-1] #这样-1就不会被包含了
13 ['Rain', 'Tom']
14 >>> names[0::2] #后面的2是代表,每隔一个元素,就取一个
15 ['Alex', 'Eric', 'Tom'] 
16 >>> names[::2] #和上句效果一样
17 ['Alex', 'Eric', 'Tom']

追加

1 >>> names
2 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy']
3 >>> names.append("我是新来的")
4 >>> names
5 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']

修改

>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', '强行从Eric前面插入', 'Eric', 'Rain', '从eric后面插入试试新姿势', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']
>>> names[2] = "该换人了"
>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', '该换人了', 'Eric', 'Rain', '从eric后面插入试试新姿势', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']

删除

 1 >>> del names[2] 
 2 >>> names
 3 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain', '从eric后面插入试试新姿势', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']
 4 >>> del names[4]
 5 >>> names
 6 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']
 7 >>> 
 8 >>> names.remove("Eric") #删除指定元素
 9 >>> names
10 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']
11 >>> names.pop() #删除列表最后一个值 
12 '我是新来的'
13 >>> names
14 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy']

扩展

>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy']
>>> b = [1,2,3]
>>> names.extend(b)
>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', 1, 2, 3]

拷贝

>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', 1, 2, 3]

>>> name_copy = names.copy()
>>> name_copy
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', 1, 2, 3]
# 浅copy的三种方式

pl=copy. copy(names)
p2=names[:]
p3=list(names)



统计

>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Amy', 'Tom', 'Amy', 1, 2, 3]
>>> names.count("Amy")
2
排序&翻转

 1 >>> names
 2 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Amy', 'Tom', 'Amy', 1, 2, 3]
 3 >>> names.sort() #排序
 4 Traceback (most recent call last):
 5   File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
 6 TypeError: unorderable types: int() < str()   #3.0里不同数据类型不能放在一起排序了,擦
 7 >>> names[-3] = '1'
 8 >>> names[-2] = '2'
 9 >>> names[-1] = '3'
10 >>> names
11 ['Alex', 'Amy', 'Amy', 'Tenglan', 'Tom', '1', '2', '3']
12 >>> names.sort()
13 >>> names
14 ['1', '2', '3', 'Alex', 'Amy', 'Amy', 'Tenglan', 'Tom']
15 
16 >>> names.reverse() #反转
17 >>> names
18 ['Tom', 'Tenglan', 'Amy', 'Amy', 'Alex', '3', '2', '1']
View Code

获取下标

1 >>> names
2 ['Tom', 'Tenglan', 'Amy', 'Amy', 'Alex', '3', '2', '1']
3 >>> names.index("Amy")
4 2 #只返回找到的第一个下标

元组

元组其实跟列表差不多,也是存一组数,只不是它一旦创建,便不能再修改,所以又叫只读列表

语法

1 names = ("alex","jack","eric")

 

2. 字符串操作   

特性:不可修改 

 1 name.capitalize()  首字母大写
 2 name.casefold()   大写全部变小写
 3 name.center(50,"-")  输出 '---------------------Alex Li----------------------'
 4 name.count('lex') 统计 lex出现次数
 5 name.encode()  将字符串编码成bytes格式
 6 name.endswith("Li")  判断字符串是否以 Li结尾
 7  "Alex\tLi".expandtabs(10) 输出'Alex      Li', 将\t转换成多长的空格 
 8  name.find('A')  查找A,找到返回其索引, 找不到返回-1 
 9 
10 format :
11     >>> msg = "my name is {}, and age is {}"
12     >>> msg.format("alex",22)
13     'my name is alex, and age is 22'
14     >>> msg = "my name is {1}, and age is {0}"
15     >>> msg.format("alex",22)
16     'my name is 22, and age is alex'
17     >>> msg = "my name is {name}, and age is {age}"
18     >>> msg.format(age=22,name="ale")
19     'my name is ale, and age is 22'
20 format_map
21     >>> msg.format_map({'name':'alex','age':22})
22     'my name is alex, and age is 22'
23 
24 
25 msg.index('a')  返回a所在字符串的索引
26 '9aA'.isalnum()   True
27 
28 '9'.isdigit() 是否整数
29 name.isnumeric  
30 name.isprintable
31 name.isspace
32 name.istitle
33 name.isupper
34  "|".join(['alex','jack','rain'])
35 'alex|jack|rain'
36 
37 
38 maketrans
39     >>> intab = "aeiou"  #This is the string having actual characters. 
40     >>> outtab = "12345" #This is the string having corresponding mapping character
41     >>> trantab = str.maketrans(intab, outtab)
42     >>> 
43     >>> str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
44     >>> str.translate(trantab)
45     'th3s 3s str3ng 2x1mpl2....w4w!!!'
46 
47  msg.partition('is')   输出 ('my name ', 'is', ' {name}, and age is {age}') 
48 
49  >>> "alex li, chinese name is lijie".replace("li","LI",1)
50      'alex LI, chinese name is lijie'
51 
52  msg.swapcase 大小写互换
53 
54 
55  >>> msg.zfill(40)
56 '00000my name is {name}, and age is {age}'
57 
58 
59 
60 >>> n4.ljust(40,"-")
61 'Hello 2orld-----------------------------'
62 >>> n4.rjust(40,"-")
63 '-----------------------------Hello 2orld'
64 
65 
66 >>> b="ddefdsdff_哈哈" 
67 >>> b.isidentifier() #检测一段字符串可否被当作标志符,即是否符合变量命名规则
68 True

3. 字典操作

字典一种key - value 的数据类型,使用就像我们上学用的字典,通过笔划、字母来查对应页的详细内容。

语法:

1 info = {
2     'stu1101': "TengLan Wu",
3     'stu1102': "LongZe Luola",
4     'stu1103': "XiaoZe Maliya",
5 }

字典的特性:

  • dict是无序的
  • key必须是唯一的,so 天生去重

增加

>>> info["stu1104"] = "苍井空"
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1104': '苍井空', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1101': 'TengLan Wu'}

修改‘

>> info['stu1101'] = "武藤兰"
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1101': '武藤兰'}

删除

>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1101': '武藤兰'}
>>> info.pop("stu1101") #标准删除姿势
'武藤兰'
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'}
>>> del info['stu1103'] #换个姿势删除
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola'}
>>> 
>>> 
>>> 
>>> info = {'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'}
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'} #随机删除
>>> info.popitem()
('stu1102', 'LongZe Luola')
>>> info
{'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'}

  查找

>>> info = {'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'}
>>> 
>>> "stu1102" in info #标准用法
True
>>> info.get("stu1102")  #获取
'LongZe Luola'
>>> info["stu1102"] #同上,但是看下面
'LongZe Luola'
>>> info["stu1105"]  #如果一个key不存在,就报错,get不会,不存在只返回None
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
KeyError: 'stu1105'

  多级字典嵌套及操作

av_catalog = {
    "欧美":{
        "www.youporn.com": ["很多免费的,世界最大的","质量一般"],
        "www.pornhub.com": ["很多免费的,也很大","质量比yourporn高点"],
        "letmedothistoyou.com": ["多是自拍,高质量图片很多","资源不多,更新慢"],
        "x-art.com":["质量很高,真的很高","全部收费,屌比请绕过"]
    },
    "日韩":{
        "tokyo-hot":["质量怎样不清楚,个人已经不喜欢日韩范了","听说是收费的"]
    },
    "大陆":{
        "1024":["全部免费,真好,好人一生平安","服务器在国外,慢"]
    }
}

av_catalog["大陆"]["1024"][1] += ",可以用爬虫爬下来"
print(av_catalog["大陆"]["1024"])
#ouput 
['全部免费,真好,好人一生平安', '服务器在国外,慢,可以用爬虫爬下来']

其它姿势

 1 #values
 2 >>> info.values()
 3 dict_values(['LongZe Luola', 'XiaoZe Maliya'])
 4 
 5 #keys
 6 >>> info.keys()
 7 dict_keys(['stu1102', 'stu1103'])
 8 
 9 
10 #setdefault
11 >>> info.setdefault("stu1106","Alex")
12 'Alex'
13 >>> info
14 {'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1106': 'Alex'}
15 >>> info.setdefault("stu1102","龙泽萝拉")
16 'LongZe Luola'
17 >>> info
18 {'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1106': 'Alex'}
19 
20 
21 #update 
22 >>> info
23 {'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1106': 'Alex'}
24 >>> b = {1:2,3:4, "stu1102":"龙泽萝拉"}
25 >>> info.update(b)
26 >>> info
27 {'stu1102': '龙泽萝拉', 1: 2, 3: 4, 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1106': 'Alex'}
28 
29 #items
30 info.items()
31 dict_items([('stu1102', '龙泽萝拉'), (1, 2), (3, 4), ('stu1103', 'XiaoZe Maliya'), ('stu1106', 'Alex')])
32 
33 
34 #通过一个列表生成默认dict,有个没办法解释的坑,少用吧这个
35 >>> dict.fromkeys([1,2,3],'testd')
36 {1: 'testd', 2: 'testd', 3: 'testd'}

循环dict 

#方法1
for key in info:
    print(key,info[key])

#方法2
for k,v in info.items(): #会先把dict转成list,数据里大时莫用
    print(k,v)

三级菜单

menu = {
    '北京':{
        '海淀':{
            '五道口':{
                'soho':{},
                '网易':{},
                'google':{}
            },
            '中关村':{
                '爱奇艺':{},
                '汽车之家':{},
                'youku':{},
            },
            '上地':{
                '百度':{},
            },
        },
        '昌平':{
            '沙河':{
                '沙河镇':{},
                '北航':{},
            },
            '天通苑':{},
            '回龙观':{},
        },
        '朝阳':{},
        '东城':{},
    },
    '上海':{
        '闵行':{
            "人民广场":{
                '炸鸡店':{}
            }
        },
        '闸北':{
            '火车战':{
                '携程':{}
            }
        },
        '浦东':{},
    },
    '山东':{},
}


exit_flag = False
current_layer = menu

layers = [menu]

while not  exit_flag:
    for k in current_layer:
        print(k)
    choice = input(">>:").strip()
    if choice == "b":
        current_layer = layers[-1]
        #print("change to laster", current_layer)
        layers.pop()
    elif choice not  in current_layer:continue
    else:
        layers.append(current_layer)
        current_layer = current_layer[choice]

三年菜单文艺青年版

 

综合案例购物车复习:

product_list = [
    ('Iphone',5800),
    ('Mac Pro',9800),
    ('Bike',800),
    ('Watch',10600),
    ('Coffee',31),
    ('Alex Python',120),
]
shopping_list = []
salary = input("Input your salary:")
if salary.isdigit():
    salary = int(salary)
    while True:
        for index,item in enumerate(product_list):
            #print(product_list.index(item),item)
            print(index,item)
        user_choice = input("选择要买嘛?>>>:")
        if user_choice.isdigit():
            user_choice = int(user_choice)
            if user_choice < len(product_list) and user_choice >=0:
                p_item = product_list[user_choice]
                if p_item[1] <= salary: #买的起
                    shopping_list.append(p_item)
                    salary -= p_item[1]
                    print("Added %s into shopping cart,your current balance is \033[31;1m%s\033[0m" %(p_item,salary) )
                else:
                    print("\033[41;1m你的余额只剩[%s]啦,还买个毛线\033[0m" % salary)
            else:
                print("product code [%s] is not exist!"% user_choice)
        elif user_choice == 'q':
            print("--------shopping list------")
            for p in shopping_list:
                print(p)
            print("Your current balance:",salary)
            exit()
        else:
            print("invalid option")

 

. 字符编码与转码

详细文章:

http://www.cnblogs.com/yuanchenqi/articles/5956943.html

http://www.diveintopython3.net/strings.html

需知:

1.在python2默认编码是ASCII, python3里默认是unicode

2.unicode 分为 utf-32(占4个字节),utf-16(占两个字节),utf-8(占1-4个字节), so utf-16就是现在最常用的unicode版本, 不过在文件里存的还是utf-8,因为utf8省空间

3.在py3中encode,在转码的同时还会把string 变成bytes类型,decode在解码的同时还会把bytes变回string

 

 

  上图仅适用于py2

 1 import sys
 2 print(sys.getdefaultencoding())
 3 
 4 
 5 msg = "我爱北京天安门"
 6 msg_gb2312 = msg.decode("utf-8").encode("gb2312")
 7 gb2312_to_gbk = msg_gb2312.decode("gbk").encode("gbk")
 8 
 9 print(msg)
10 print(msg_gb2312)
11 print(gb2312_to_gbk)
View Code
 1 import sys
 2 print(sys.getdefaultencoding())
 3 
 4 
 5 msg = "我爱北京天安门"
 6 #msg_gb2312 = msg.decode("utf-8").encode("gb2312")
 7 msg_gb2312 = msg.encode("gb2312") #默认就是unicode,不用再decode,喜大普奔
 8 gb2312_to_unicode = msg_gb2312.decode("gb2312")
 9 gb2312_to_utf8 = msg_gb2312.decode("gb2312").encode("utf-8")
10 
11 print(msg)
12 print(msg_gb2312)
13 print(gb2312_to_unicode)
14 print(gb2312_to_utf8)
View Code

 

posted @ 2020-04-08 16:10  老鲜肉  阅读(269)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报