实验6：开源控制器实践——RYU

  • 实验6： 开源控制器实践——RYU](https://www.cnblogs.com/yjcblogs/p/16803784.html)

    一.实验目的

    1.能够独立部署RYU控制器；
    2.能够理解RYU控制器实现软件定义的集线器原理；
    3.能够理解RYU控制器实现软件定义的交换机原理。

    二、实验环境

    Ubuntu 20.04 Desktop amd64

    三、实验要求

    （一）基本要求
    1.搭建下图所示SDN拓扑，协议使用Open Flow 1.0，并连接Ryu控制器，通过Ryu的图形界面查看网络拓扑。
    img

    • 建立拓扑
      img
    • 连接ryu控制器
      img
    • 通过Ryu的图形界面查看网络拓扑，在浏览器中输入地址http://127.0.0.1:8080即可打开ryu的图形界面
      img

    2.阅读Ryu文档的The First Application一节，运行当中的L2Switch，h1 ping h2或h3，在目标主机使用 tcpdump 验证L2Switch，分析L2Switch和POX的Hub模块有何不同。

    • 创建L2Switch.py文件并添加代码
    点击查看代码
    from ryu.base import app_manager
from ryu.controller import ofp_event
from ryu.controller.handler import MAIN_DISPATCHER
from ryu.controller.handler import set_ev_cls
from ryu.ofproto import ofproto_v1_0
 
class L2Switch(app_manager.RyuApp):
    OFP_VERSIONS = [ofproto_v1_0.OFP_VERSION]

def __init__(<span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">self</span>, *<span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">args</span>, **<span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">kwargs</span>):
    super(<span class="hljs-type" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">L2Switch</span>, <span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">self</span>).__init__(*<span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">args</span>, **<span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">kwargs</span>)

@set_ev_cls(<span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">ofp_event</span>.<span class="hljs-type" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">EventOFPPacketIn</span>, <span class="hljs-type" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">MAIN_DISPATCHER</span>)
def packet_in_handler(<span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">self</span>, <span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">ev</span>):
    msg = ev.msg
    dp = msg.datapath
    ofp = dp.ofproto
    ofp_parser = dp.ofproto_parser

    actions = [ofp_parser.<span class="hljs-type" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">OFPActionOutput</span>(<span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">ofp</span>.<span class="hljs-type" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">OFPP_FLOOD</span>)]

    data = <span class="hljs-type" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">None</span>
    if msg.buffer_id == ofp.<span class="hljs-type" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">OFP_NO_BUFFER</span>:
         data = msg.data

    out = ofp_parser.<span class="hljs-type" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">OFPPacketOut</span>(
        <span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">datapath</span>=<span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">dp</span>, <span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">buffer_id</span>=<span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">msg</span>.<span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">buffer_id</span>, <span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">in_port</span>=<span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">msg</span>.<span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">in_port</span>,
        <span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">actions</span>=<span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">actions</span>, <span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">data</span> = <span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">data</span>)
    dp.send_msg(<span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">out</span>)


def __init__(<span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">self</span>, *<span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">args</span>, **<span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">kwargs</span>):
    super(<span class="hljs-type" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">L2Switch</span>, <span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">self</span>).__init__(*<span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">args</span>, **<span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">kwargs</span>)

@set_ev_cls(<span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">ofp_event</span>.<span class="hljs-type" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">EventOFPPacketIn</span>, <span class="hljs-type" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">MAIN_DISPATCHER</span>)
def packet_in_handler(<span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">self</span>, <span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">ev</span>):
    msg = ev.msg
    dp = msg.datapath
    ofp = dp.ofproto
    ofp_parser = dp.ofproto_parser

    actions = [ofp_parser.<span class="hljs-type" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">OFPActionOutput</span>(<span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">ofp</span>.<span class="hljs-type" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">OFPP_FLOOD</span>)]

    data = <span class="hljs-type" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">None</span>
    if msg.buffer_id == ofp.<span class="hljs-type" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">OFP_NO_BUFFER</span>:
         data = msg.data

    out = ofp_parser.<span class="hljs-type" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">OFPPacketOut</span>(
        <span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">datapath</span>=<span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">dp</span>, <span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">buffer_id</span>=<span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">msg</span>.<span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">buffer_id</span>, <span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">in_port</span>=<span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">msg</span>.<span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">in_port</span>,
        <span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">actions</span>=<span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">actions</span>, <span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">data</span> = <span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">data</span>)
    dp.send_msg(<span class="hljs-title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">out</span>)

    • h1 ping h2
      img
    • h1 ping h3
      img
    • 分析L2Switch和POX的Hub模块有何不同
      RYU的L2Switch模块和POX的Hub模块都采用洪泛转发，但不同之处在于：
      可以在pox的Hub模块运行时查看流表，而无法在ryu的L2Switch模块运行时查看到流表

    -创建L2032002136.py

    点击查看代码
    from ryu.base import app_manager
from ryu.ofproto import ofproto_v1_3
from ryu.controller import ofp_event
from ryu.controller.handler import MAIN_DISPATCHER, CONFIG_DISPATCHER
from ryu.controller.handler import set_ev_cls


class hub(app_manager.RyuApp):

OFP_VERSIONS = [ofproto_v1_3.OFP_VERSION]



<span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">def</span> <span class="hljs-title function_" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">__init__</span>(<span class="hljs-params" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; line-height: 1.8;">self, *args, **kwargs</span>):
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">super</span>(hub, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)




    @set_ev_cls(ofp_event.EventOFPSwitchFeatures, CONFIG_DISPATCHER)

def switch_feathers_handler(self, ev):

datapath = ev.msg.datapath

ofproto = datapath.ofproto

ofp_parser = datapath.ofproto_parser



    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># install flow table-miss flow entry</span>
    match = ofp_parser.OFPMatch()
    actions = [ofp_parser.OFPActionOutput(ofproto.OFPP_CONTROLLER, ofproto.OFPCML_NO_BUFFER)]
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># 1\OUTPUT PORT, 2\BUFF IN SWITCH?</span>
    self.add_flow(datapath, <span class="hljs-number" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); line-height: 1.8;">0</span>, match, actions)

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">def</span> <span class="hljs-title function_" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">add_flow</span>(<span class="hljs-params" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; line-height: 1.8;">self, datapath, priority, match, actions</span>):
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># 1\ datapath for the switch, 2\priority for flow entry, 3\match field, 4\action for packet</span>
    ofproto = datapath.ofproto
    ofp_parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># install flow</span>
    inst = [ofp_parser.OFPInstructionActions(ofproto.OFPIT_APPLY_ACTIONS, actions)]
    mod = ofp_parser.OFPFlowMod(datapath=datapath, priority=priority, match=match, instructions=inst)
    datapath.send_msg(mod)




    @set_ev_cls(ofp_event.EventOFPPacketIn, MAIN_DISPATCHER)

def packet_in_handler(self, ev):

msg = ev.msg

datapath = msg.datapath

ofproto = datapath.ofproto

ofp_parser = datapath.ofproto_parser

in_port = msg.match['in_port']  # get in port of the packet



    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># add a flow entry for the packet</span>
    match = ofp_parser.OFPMatch()
    actions = [ofp_parser.OFPActionOutput(ofproto.OFPP_FLOOD)]
    self.add_flow(datapath, <span class="hljs-number" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); line-height: 1.8;">1</span>, match, actions)

    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># to output the current packet. for install rules only output later packets</span>
    out = ofp_parser.OFPPacketOut(datapath=datapath, buffer_id=msg.buffer_id, in_port=in_port, actions=actions)
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># buffer id: locate the buffered packet</span>
    datapath.send_msg(out)


<span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">def</span> <span class="hljs-title function_" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">__init__</span>(<span class="hljs-params" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; line-height: 1.8;">self, *args, **kwargs</span>):
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">super</span>(hub, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># install flow table-miss flow entry</span>
    match = ofp_parser.OFPMatch()
    actions = [ofp_parser.OFPActionOutput(ofproto.OFPP_CONTROLLER, ofproto.OFPCML_NO_BUFFER)]
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># 1\OUTPUT PORT, 2\BUFF IN SWITCH?</span>
    self.add_flow(datapath, <span class="hljs-number" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); line-height: 1.8;">0</span>, match, actions)

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">def</span> <span class="hljs-title function_" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">add_flow</span>(<span class="hljs-params" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; line-height: 1.8;">self, datapath, priority, match, actions</span>):
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># 1\ datapath for the switch, 2\priority for flow entry, 3\match field, 4\action for packet</span>
    ofproto = datapath.ofproto
    ofp_parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># install flow</span>
    inst = [ofp_parser.OFPInstructionActions(ofproto.OFPIT_APPLY_ACTIONS, actions)]
    mod = ofp_parser.OFPFlowMod(datapath=datapath, priority=priority, match=match, instructions=inst)
    datapath.send_msg(mod)
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># add a flow entry for the packet</span>
    match = ofp_parser.OFPMatch()
    actions = [ofp_parser.OFPActionOutput(ofproto.OFPP_FLOOD)]
    self.add_flow(datapath, <span class="hljs-number" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); line-height: 1.8;">1</span>, match, actions)

    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># to output the current packet. for install rules only output later packets</span>
    out = ofp_parser.OFPPacketOut(datapath=datapath, buffer_id=msg.buffer_id, in_port=in_port, actions=actions)
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># buffer id: locate the buffered packet</span>
    datapath.send_msg(out)

    • 运行结果
      img

    （二）进阶要求
    1.阅读Ryu关于simple_switch.py和simple_switch_1x.py的实现，以simple_switch_13.py为例，完成其代码的注释工作，并回答下列问题：

    点击查看代码

    a) 代码当中的mac_to_port的作用是什么？
    保存mac地址到交换机端口的映射，为交换机自学习功能提供数据结构进行mac端口的存储

    b) simple_switch和simple_switch_13在dpid的输出上有何不同？
    差别在于：simple_switch直接输出dpid，而simple_switch_13则在dpid前端填充0直至满16位

    点击查看代码

    c) 相比simple_switch，simple_switch_13增加的switch_feature_handler实现了什么功能？
    实现了交换机以特性应答消息来响应特性请求的功能。

    d) simple_switch_13是如何实现流规则下发的？
    在接收到packetin事件后，首先获取包学习，交换机信息，以太网信息，协议信息等。若以太网类型是LLDP类型，则不予处理。如果不是，则获取源端口的目的端口和交换机id，先学习源地址对应的交换机的入端口，再查看是否已经学习目的mac地址，如果没有则进行洪泛转发。如果学习过该mac地址，则查看是否有buffer_id，如果有的话，则在添加流表信息时加上buffer_id，向交换机发送流表。

    e) switch_features_handler和_packet_in_handler两个事件在发送流规则的优先级上有何不同？
    switch_features_handler下发流表的优先级比_packet_in_handler的优先级高。

    2.编程实现和ODL实验的一样的硬超时功能。

    • 代码
    点击查看代码
    # Copyright (C) 2011 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
# implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.


from ryu.base import app_manager

from ryu.controller import ofp_event

from ryu.controller.handler import CONFIG_DISPATCHER, MAIN_DISPATCHER

from ryu.controller.handler import set_ev_cls

from ryu.ofproto import ofproto_v1_3

from ryu.lib.packet import packet

from ryu.lib.packet import ethernet

from ryu.lib.packet import ether_types




class SimpleSwitch13(app_manager.RyuApp):

OFP_VERSIONS = [ofproto_v1_3.OFP_VERSION]



<span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">def</span> <span class="hljs-title function_" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">__init__</span>(<span class="hljs-params" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; line-height: 1.8;">self, *args, **kwargs</span>):
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">super</span>(SimpleSwitch13, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
    self.mac_to_port = {}




    @set_ev_cls(ofp_event.EventOFPSwitchFeatures, CONFIG_DISPATCHER)

def switch_features_handler(self, ev):

datapath = ev.msg.datapath

ofproto = datapath.ofproto

parser = datapath.ofproto_parser



    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># install table-miss flow entry</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;">#</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># We specify NO BUFFER to max_len of the output action due to</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># OVS bug. At this moment, if we specify a lesser number, e.g.,</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># 128, OVS will send Packet-In with invalid buffer_id and</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># truncated packet data. In that case, we cannot output packets</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># correctly.  The bug has been fixed in OVS v2.1.0.</span>
    match = parser.OFPMatch()
    actions = [parser.OFPActionOutput(ofproto.OFPP_CONTROLLER,
                                      ofproto.OFPCML_NO_BUFFER)]
    self.add_flow(datapath, <span class="hljs-number" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); line-height: 1.8;">0</span>, match, actions)

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">def</span> <span class="hljs-title function_" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">add_flow</span>(<span class="hljs-params" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; line-height: 1.8;">self, datapath, priority, match, actions, buffer_id=<span class="hljs-literal" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">None</span>, hard_timeout=<span class="hljs-number" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); line-height: 1.8;">0</span></span>):
    ofproto = datapath.ofproto
    parser = datapath.ofproto_parser

    inst = [parser.OFPInstructionActions(ofproto.OFPIT_APPLY_ACTIONS,
                                         actions)]
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">if</span> buffer_id:
        mod = parser.OFPFlowMod(datapath=datapath, buffer_id=buffer_id,
                                priority=priority, match=match,
                                instructions=inst, hard_timeout=hard_timeout)
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">else</span>:
        mod = parser.OFPFlowMod(datapath=datapath, priority=priority,
                                match=match, instructions=inst, hard_timeout=hard_timeout)
    datapath.send_msg(mod)




    @set_ev_cls(ofp_event.EventOFPPacketIn, MAIN_DISPATCHER)

def _packet_in_handler(self, ev):

# If you hit this you might want to increase

# the "miss_send_length" of your switch

if ev.msg.msg_len < ev.msg.total_len:

self.logger.debug("packet truncated: only %s of %s bytes",

ev.msg.msg_len, ev.msg.total_len)

msg = ev.msg

datapath = msg.datapath

ofproto = datapath.ofproto

parser = datapath.ofproto_parser

in_port = msg.match['in_port']



    pkt = packet.Packet(msg.data)
    eth = pkt.get_protocols(ethernet.ethernet)[<span class="hljs-number" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); line-height: 1.8;">0</span>]

    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">if</span> eth.ethertype == ether_types.ETH_TYPE_LLDP:
        <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># ignore lldp packet</span>
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">return</span>
    dst = eth.dst
    src = eth.src

    dpid = <span class="hljs-built_in" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">format</span>(datapath.<span class="hljs-built_in" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">id</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">"d"</span>).zfill(<span class="hljs-number" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); line-height: 1.8;">16</span>)
    self.mac_to_port.setdefault(dpid, {})

    self.logger.info(<span class="hljs-string" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">"packet in %s %s %s %s"</span>, dpid, src, dst, in_port)

    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># learn a mac address to avoid FLOOD next time.</span>
    self.mac_to_port[dpid][src] = in_port

    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">if</span> dst <span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">in</span> self.mac_to_port[dpid]:
        out_port = self.mac_to_port[dpid][dst]
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">else</span>:
        out_port = ofproto.OFPP_FLOOD

    actions = [parser.OFPActionOutput(out_port)]\

    actions_timeout=[]

    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># install a flow to avoid packet_in next time</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">if</span> out_port != ofproto.OFPP_FLOOD:
        match = parser.OFPMatch(in_port=in_port, eth_dst=dst, eth_src=src)
        <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># verify if we have a valid buffer_id, if yes avoid to send both</span>
        <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># flow_mod &amp; packet_out</span>
        hard_timeout=<span class="hljs-number" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); line-height: 1.8;">10</span>
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">if</span> msg.buffer_id != ofproto.OFP_NO_BUFFER:
            self.add_flow(datapath, <span class="hljs-number" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); line-height: 1.8;">2</span>, match,actions_timeout, msg.buffer_id,hard_timeout=<span class="hljs-number" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); line-height: 1.8;">10</span>)
            self.add_flow(datapath, <span class="hljs-number" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); line-height: 1.8;">1</span>, match, actions, msg.buffer_id)
            <span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">return</span>
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">else</span>:
            self.add_flow(datapath, <span class="hljs-number" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); line-height: 1.8;">2</span>, match, actions_timeout, hard_timeout=<span class="hljs-number" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); line-height: 1.8;">10</span>)
            self.add_flow(datapath, <span class="hljs-number" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); line-height: 1.8;">1</span>, match, actions)
    data = <span class="hljs-literal" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">None</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">if</span> msg.buffer_id == ofproto.OFP_NO_BUFFER:
        data = msg.data

    out = parser.OFPPacketOut(datapath=datapath, buffer_id=msg.buffer_id,
                              in_port=in_port, actions=actions, data=data)
    datapath.send_msg(out)


<span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">def</span> <span class="hljs-title function_" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">__init__</span>(<span class="hljs-params" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; line-height: 1.8;">self, *args, **kwargs</span>):
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">super</span>(SimpleSwitch13, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
    self.mac_to_port = {}
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># install table-miss flow entry</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;">#</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># We specify NO BUFFER to max_len of the output action due to</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># OVS bug. At this moment, if we specify a lesser number, e.g.,</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># 128, OVS will send Packet-In with invalid buffer_id and</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># truncated packet data. In that case, we cannot output packets</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># correctly.  The bug has been fixed in OVS v2.1.0.</span>
    match = parser.OFPMatch()
    actions = [parser.OFPActionOutput(ofproto.OFPP_CONTROLLER,
                                      ofproto.OFPCML_NO_BUFFER)]
    self.add_flow(datapath, <span class="hljs-number" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); line-height: 1.8;">0</span>, match, actions)

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">def</span> <span class="hljs-title function_" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">add_flow</span>(<span class="hljs-params" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; line-height: 1.8;">self, datapath, priority, match, actions, buffer_id=<span class="hljs-literal" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">None</span>, hard_timeout=<span class="hljs-number" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); line-height: 1.8;">0</span></span>):
    ofproto = datapath.ofproto
    parser = datapath.ofproto_parser

    inst = [parser.OFPInstructionActions(ofproto.OFPIT_APPLY_ACTIONS,
                                         actions)]
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">if</span> buffer_id:
        mod = parser.OFPFlowMod(datapath=datapath, buffer_id=buffer_id,
                                priority=priority, match=match,
                                instructions=inst, hard_timeout=hard_timeout)
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">else</span>:
        mod = parser.OFPFlowMod(datapath=datapath, priority=priority,
                                match=match, instructions=inst, hard_timeout=hard_timeout)
    datapath.send_msg(mod)
    pkt = packet.Packet(msg.data)
    eth = pkt.get_protocols(ethernet.ethernet)[<span class="hljs-number" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); line-height: 1.8;">0</span>]

    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">if</span> eth.ethertype == ether_types.ETH_TYPE_LLDP:
        <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># ignore lldp packet</span>
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">return</span>
    dst = eth.dst
    src = eth.src

    dpid = <span class="hljs-built_in" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">format</span>(datapath.<span class="hljs-built_in" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">id</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">"d"</span>).zfill(<span class="hljs-number" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); line-height: 1.8;">16</span>)
    self.mac_to_port.setdefault(dpid, {})

    self.logger.info(<span class="hljs-string" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">"packet in %s %s %s %s"</span>, dpid, src, dst, in_port)

    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># learn a mac address to avoid FLOOD next time.</span>
    self.mac_to_port[dpid][src] = in_port

    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">if</span> dst <span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">in</span> self.mac_to_port[dpid]:
        out_port = self.mac_to_port[dpid][dst]
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">else</span>:
        out_port = ofproto.OFPP_FLOOD

    actions = [parser.OFPActionOutput(out_port)]\

    actions_timeout=[]

    <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># install a flow to avoid packet_in next time</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">if</span> out_port != ofproto.OFPP_FLOOD:
        match = parser.OFPMatch(in_port=in_port, eth_dst=dst, eth_src=src)
        <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># verify if we have a valid buffer_id, if yes avoid to send both</span>
        <span class="hljs-comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 128, 0); line-height: 1.8;"># flow_mod &amp; packet_out</span>
        hard_timeout=<span class="hljs-number" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); line-height: 1.8;">10</span>
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">if</span> msg.buffer_id != ofproto.OFP_NO_BUFFER:
            self.add_flow(datapath, <span class="hljs-number" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); line-height: 1.8;">2</span>, match,actions_timeout, msg.buffer_id,hard_timeout=<span class="hljs-number" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); line-height: 1.8;">10</span>)
            self.add_flow(datapath, <span class="hljs-number" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); line-height: 1.8;">1</span>, match, actions, msg.buffer_id)
            <span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">return</span>
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">else</span>:
            self.add_flow(datapath, <span class="hljs-number" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); line-height: 1.8;">2</span>, match, actions_timeout, hard_timeout=<span class="hljs-number" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); line-height: 1.8;">10</span>)
            self.add_flow(datapath, <span class="hljs-number" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(136, 0, 0); line-height: 1.8;">1</span>, match, actions)
    data = <span class="hljs-literal" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(163, 21, 21); line-height: 1.8;">None</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: background-color, border-color, border-radius, padding-top, padding-bottom, margin-top, margin-bottom, color, opacity; color: rgb(0, 0, 255); line-height: 1.8;">if</span> msg.buffer_id == ofproto.OFP_NO_BUFFER:
        data = msg.data

    out = parser.OFPPacketOut(datapath=datapath, buffer_id=msg.buffer_id,
                              in_port=in_port, actions=actions, data=data)
    datapath.send_msg(out)

    • h1 ping h2

个人总结
这次基本要求倒是中规中矩，没什么感想。而进阶要求难度不小，有些问题需要真正去阅读代码以及查一些资料相结合才能搞明白，花了不少时间，看来如何高效使用搜索引擎也是一门必修课，还有就是发现注释很重要。通过本次实验，也使得我对RYU的控制机制有了深入的认识，同时也对SDN有了更深刻的认识。总之，收获颇丰！
本次实验遇到了TypeError: cannot set 'is_timeout' attribute of immutable type 'TimeoutError'和AttributeError: module 'collections' has no attribute 'MutableMapping'，通过阅读同学的博客成功解决。
通过本次实验学会了独立部署Ryu控制器，对RYU的控制机制有了更为形象和深入的认识。

posted @   F_ool  阅读(103)  评论(2)  编辑  收藏  举报
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