X.509 给出的鉴别框架是一种基于公开密钥体制的鉴别业务密钥管理。一个用户有两把密钥：一把是用户的专用密钥(简称为：私钥)，另一把是其他用户都可得到和利用的公共密钥(简称为：公钥)。该鉴别框架允许用户将其公开密钥存放在CA的目录项中。一个用户如果想与另一个用户交换秘密信息，就可以直接从对方的目录项中获得相应的公开密钥，用于各种安全服务。
Windows环境下，有三种方法：通过CA获取证书；通过微软提供的makecert 工具得到测试证书；编程的方法创建，.Net提供了X509Certificate2 类，该类可以用于创建证书，但只能从RawData中创建，创建后无法修改除FriendlyName以外的任何属性。
本文介绍第二种方法：
1）先进入到vs20**的命令行状态，即:开始-->程序-->Microsoft Visual Studio 20**-->Visual Studio Tools-->Visual Studio 20** 命令提示
2）键入:makecert -r -pe -n "CN=MyServer" -ss My -sky exchange
上面一行的意思就是制作一个CN=MyServer的服务器证书，默认存储在CurrentUser"My这个位置，同时这个证书标识为可导出。
(详细的MakeCert参数可参见http://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/bfsktky3(vs.80).aspx)
3）再输入:makecert -r -pe -n "CN=MyClient" -ss My -sky exchange 生成客户端证书
4）查看：可以在IE里查看到,IE-->工具-->Internet选项-->内容-->证书
5）开始-->运行-->MMC : 添加/删除管理单元
6）添加“证书” ，“我的用户账户”
7）将“个人”下的对应证书复制到“受信任的根证书颁发机构”下证书目录，证书就可以使用了
本文参考：http://www.cnblogs.com/whtydn/archive/2009/12/23/1630750.html
http://blog.csdn.net/wyxhd2008/article/details/7962539
下面是whtydn的代码（http://www.cnblogs.com/whtydn/archive/2009/12/23/1630750.html）
using System;
using System.ServiceModel;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Sockets;
using System.Net.Security;
using System.Text;
using System.Security.Authentication;
using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
using System.IdentityModel.Tokens;
using System.IdentityModel.Selectors;
namespace ConsoleApp
{
public class Program
{
static X509Certificate serverCertificate = null;
public static void RunServer()
{
//serverCertificate = X509Certificate.CreateFromSignedFile(@"C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio 8\SDK\v2.0\samool.pvk");
TcpListener listener = new TcpListener(IPAddress.Parse("192.168.20.139"), 901);
listener.Start();
while (true)
{
try
{
Console.WriteLine("Waiting for a client to connect...");
TcpClient client = listener.AcceptTcpClient();
ProcessClient(client);
}
catch
{
}
}
}
static void ProcessClient(TcpClient client)
{
SslStream sslStream = new SslStream(client.GetStream(), false);
try
{
sslStream.AuthenticateAsServer(serverCertificate, false, SslProtocols.Tls, true);
DisplaySecurityLevel(sslStream);
DisplaySecurityServices(sslStream);
DisplayCertificateInformation(sslStream);
DisplayStreamProperties(sslStream);
sslStream.ReadTimeout = 5000;
sslStream.WriteTimeout = 5000;
Console.WriteLine("Waiting for client message...");
string messageData = ReadMessage(sslStream);
Console.WriteLine("Received: {0}", messageData);
byte[] message = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("Hello from the server.");
Console.WriteLine("Sending hello message.");
sslStream.Write(message);
}
catch (AuthenticationException e)
{
Console.WriteLine("Exception: {0}", e.Message);
if (e.InnerException != null)
{
Console.WriteLine("Inner exception: {0}", e.InnerException.Message);
}
Console.WriteLine("Authentication failed - closing the connection.");
sslStream.Close();
client.Close();
return;
}
finally
{
sslStream.Close();
client.Close();
}
}
static string ReadMessage(SslStream sslStream)
{
byte[] buffer = new byte[2048];
StringBuilder messageData = new StringBuilder();
int bytes = -1;
do
{
bytes = sslStream.Read(buffer, 0, buffer.Length);
Decoder decoder = Encoding.UTF8.GetDecoder();
char[] chars = new char[decoder.GetCharCount(buffer, 0, bytes)];
decoder.GetChars(buffer, 0, bytes, chars, 0);
messageData.Append(chars);
if (messageData.ToString().IndexOf("") != -1)
{
break;
}
}
while (bytes != 0);
return messageData.ToString();
}
static void DisplaySecurityLevel(SslStream stream)
{
Console.WriteLine("Cipher: {0} strength {1}", stream.CipherAlgorithm, stream.CipherStrength);
Console.WriteLine("Hash: {0} strength {1}", stream.HashAlgorithm, stream.HashStrength);
Console.WriteLine("Key exchange: {0} strength {1}", stream.KeyExchangeAlgorithm, stream.KeyExchangeStrength);
Console.WriteLine("Protocol: {0}", stream.SslProtocol);
}
static void DisplaySecurityServices(SslStream stream)
{
Console.WriteLine("Is authenticated: {0} as server? {1}", stream.IsAuthenticated, stream.IsServer);
Console.WriteLine("IsSigned: {0}", stream.IsSigned);
Console.WriteLine("Is Encrypted: {0}", stream.IsEncrypted);
}
static void DisplayStreamProperties(SslStream stream)
{
Console.WriteLine("Can read: {0}, write {1}", stream.CanRead, stream.CanWrite);
Console.WriteLine("Can timeout: {0}", stream.CanTimeout);
}
static void DisplayCertificateInformation(SslStream stream)
{
Console.WriteLine("Certificate revocation list checked: {0}", stream.CheckCertRevocationStatus);
X509Certificate localCertificate = stream.LocalCertificate;
if (stream.LocalCertificate != null)
{
Console.WriteLine("Local cert was issued to {0} and is valid from {1} until {2}.",
localCertificate.Subject,
localCertificate.GetEffectiveDateString(),
localCertificate.GetExpirationDateString());
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Local certificate is null.");
}
X509Certificate remoteCertificate = stream.RemoteCertificate;
if (stream.RemoteCertificate != null)
{
Console.WriteLine("Remote cert was issued to {0} and is valid from {1} until {2}.",
remoteCertificate.Subject,
remoteCertificate.GetEffectiveDateString(),
remoteCertificate.GetExpirationDateString());
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Remote certificate is null.");
}
}
private static void DisplayUsage()
{
Console.WriteLine("To start the server specify:");
Console.WriteLine("serverSync certificateFile.cer");
//Environment.Exit(1);
}
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
//string certificate = null;
//if (args == null || args.Length < 1)
//{
// DisplayUsage();
//}
//certificate = args[0];
try
{
X509Store store = new X509Store(StoreName.My);
store.Open(OpenFlags.ReadWrite);
// 检索证书
X509Certificate2Collection certs = store.Certificates.Find(X509FindType.FindBySubjectName, "MyServer", false); // vaildOnly = true时搜索无结果。
if (certs.Count == 0) return;
serverCertificate = certs[0];
RunServer();
store.Close(); // 关闭存储区。
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
}
Console.ReadLine();
//return 0;
//try
//{
// Console.WriteLine("服务端输出：" + ServiceSecurityContext.Current.PrimaryIdentity.AuthenticationType);
// Console.WriteLine(ServiceSecurityContext.Current.PrimaryIdentity.Name);
// Console.WriteLine("服务端时间：" + DateTime.Now.ToString());
//}
//catch (Exception ex)
//{
// Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
//}
//Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
using System;
using System.Security;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Sockets;
using System.Net.Security;
using System.Text;
using System.Security.Authentication;
using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
namespace ConsoleAppClient
{
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Security;
using System.Net.Sockets;
using System.Security.Authentication;
using System.Text;
using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
using System.IO;
namespace Examples.System.Net
{
public class SslTcpClient
{
private static Hashtable certificateErrors = new Hashtable();
// The following method is invoked by the RemoteCertificateValidationDelegate.
public static bool ValidateServerCertificate(
object sender,
X509Certificate certificate,
X509Chain chain,
SslPolicyErrors sslPolicyErrors)
{
if (sslPolicyErrors == SslPolicyErrors.None)
return true;
Console.WriteLine("Certificate error: {0}", sslPolicyErrors);
// Do not allow this client to communicate with unauthenticated servers.
return false;
}
public static void RunClient(string machineName)
{
// Create a TCP/IP client socket.
// machineName is the host running the server application.
TcpClient client = new TcpClient(machineName, 901);
Console.WriteLine("Client connected.");
// Create an SSL stream that will close the client's stream.
SslStream sslStream = new SslStream(client.GetStream(), false, new RemoteCertificateValidationCallback(ValidateServerCertificate), null);
// The server name must match the name on the server certificate.
//X509Store store = new X509Store(StoreName.My);
//store.Open(OpenFlags.ReadWrite);
//// 检索证书
//X509Certificate2Collection certs = store.Certificates.Find(X509FindType.FindBySubjectName, "MyServer", false); // vaildOnly = true时搜索无结果。
X509CertificateCollection certs = new X509CertificateCollection();
X509Certificate cert = X509Certificate.CreateFromCertFile(@"D:\cashcer.cer");
certs.Add(cert);
try
{
sslStream.AuthenticateAsClient("MyServer", certs, SslProtocols.Tls, false);
}
catch (AuthenticationException e)
{
Console.WriteLine("Exception: {0}", e.Message);
if (e.InnerException != null)
{
Console.WriteLine("Inner exception: {0}", e.InnerException.Message);
}
Console.WriteLine("Authentication failed - closing the connection.");
client.Close();
return;
}
// Encode a test message into a byte array.
// Signal the end of the message using the "<EOF>".
byte[] messsage = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("Hello from the client.<EOF>");
// Send hello message to the server.
sslStream.Write(messsage);
sslStream.Flush();
// Read message from the server.
string serverMessage = ReadMessage(sslStream);
Console.WriteLine("Server says: {0}", serverMessage);
// Close the client connection.
client.Close();
Console.WriteLine("Client closed.");
}
static string ReadMessage(SslStream sslStream)
{
// Read the message sent by the server.
// The end of the message is signaled using the
// "<EOF>" marker.
byte[] buffer = new byte[2048];
StringBuilder messageData = new StringBuilder();
int bytes = -1;
do
{
bytes = sslStream.Read(buffer, 0, buffer.Length);
// Use Decoder class to convert from bytes to UTF8
// in case a character spans two buffers.
Decoder decoder = Encoding.UTF8.GetDecoder();
char[] chars = new char[decoder.GetCharCount(buffer, 0, bytes)];
decoder.GetChars(buffer, 0, bytes, chars, 0);
messageData.Append(chars);
// Check for EOF.
if (messageData.ToString().IndexOf("<EOF>") != -1)
{
break;
}
} while (bytes != 0);
return messageData.ToString();
}
private static void DisplayUsage()
{
Console.WriteLine("To start the client specify:");
Console.WriteLine("clientSync machineName [serverName]");
Environment.Exit(1);
}
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
string machineName = null;
machineName = "192.168.20.139";
try
{
RunClient(machineName);
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
}
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
}
ValidateServerCertificate 是向服务器验证证书的方法，如果上面返回的SslPolicyErrors枚举值不是None你就应该检查你的证书是否正确， 是否添加到信任里面。
其它参考文章：http://www.cnblogs.com/chnking/archive/2007/08/18/860983.html
http://www.cnblogs.com/sleepingwit/archive/2008/10/30/1323334.html
