【托福备考经 ● 二. 托福阅读技巧 ● 2.2.2 词: 指代题】

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2.2.2 词: 指代题

1) 指代题简介

阅读文章中，为了避免同一个对象的重复，会使用一些代词。指代题（Reference Questions）考察的是代词在文章中代替的是什么。

 

2) 指代题解题技巧

判断主被动关系 + 代词的传递 + 单复数一致性 + 从句的就近原则 + 并列结构

 

3) 解题技巧详细说明和例子

(1) 判断主被动关系

【技巧1】	判断主被动关系：根据谓语动词的主被动关系，来推测代词的指代对象
【例子1】	【原文】Before this evidence came to light, the inventors of writing were assumed by researchers to have been an intellectual elite. Some, for example, hypothesized that writing emerged when members of the priestly caste agreed among themselves on written signs.
	【题目】The word "some" in the passage refers to A. evidence        B. Inventors  C. researchers      D. Intellectual elite
	【解析】原文中提到assumed by researchers , assume动作的发出者是researchers。后面的Some… hypothesized, hypothesized是assume的同意替换，而且是主动语态，所以Some就是指动作的发出者researchers。

 

(2) 代词的传递

【技巧2】	代词的传递性：同一功能的代词大概率是同一个指代
【例子2】	【原文】The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe, they grew over a period of centuries form town economies to their present urban structures. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century.
	【题目】The word "they" in the passage refers to A. difference  B. urban growth  C. colonies  D. Cities
	【解释】They前面出现了Their, 而Their rapid growth 和 the slow evolution of cities 对应，Their 对应Cities,  根据代词的传递性， They 指 Cities, 选D。

 

(3) 单复数一致性

【技巧3】	单复数/人称一致性：代词与选项的单复数/人称保持一致
【例子3】	【原文】The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe, they grew over a period of centuries form town economies to their present urban structures. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century.
	【题目】The word "they" in the passage refers to A. difference  B. urban growth  C. colonies  D. Cities
	【解析】they是复数，可以排除A和B了。结合上面将讲的技巧“代词的传递性”，选D。

 

(4) 从句的就近原则

【技巧4】	从句的就近原则：从句的指代，离谁近就指谁
【例子4】	【原文】By 1760 Boston had 4 newspapers and 5 other printing establishments; Philadelphia，2 newspapers and 3 other presses; and New York, 3 newspapers. The distribution, if not the sale, of newspapers was assisted by the establishment of a postal service in 1710, which had a network of some 65 offices by 1770, serving all 13 colonies.
	【题目】The word "which" in the passage refers to  A. distribution             B. Sale   C. newspaper              D. postal service
	【解析】从句的指代，离谁近就指谁。离which最近的是postal service，所以选D。

 

(5) 并列结构

【技巧5】	并列结构：如果句子中有并列结构，并列结构中的代词与前面 的词一致
【例子5】	【原文】Artists are recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces, and taking that into account when executing their public commissions.
	【题目】The word "that" refers to      A. contemporary art  B. opportunity C. audience         D. distinction
	【解析】and 是并列结构，that和前面的distinction 一致，选D。

 

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