完整性约束

一、介绍

约束条件与数据类型的宽度一样 , 都死可选参数 

作用 : 用于保证数据的完整性和一致性 

主要分为 : 

primary key  (pk)   # 标识该字段为该表的主键 , 可以唯一的标识记录
foreign key  (fk)    #  标识该字段为该表的外键
not null   # 标识该字段不能为空
unique key (uk)   #标识该字段的值是唯一的
auto_increment   # 标识该字段的值自动增长 (整数类型 , 而且为主键)
default   # 为该字段设置默认值


unsugned  #无符号
zerofill  # 使用0填充

 

说明:

# 1. 是否允许为空 , 默认null , 可设置not null , 字段不允许为空 , 必须赋值
# 2. 字段是否与默认值 , 缺少的默认值是null , 如果插入记录时不给字段赋值 , 此字段使用默认值

sex enum('male','female') not null defaull "male"

# 必须为正值(无符号)  不允许为空   默认是20  
age int unsigned not null default 20 

# 3. 是否是key

主键  primary key
外键  foreign  key
索引  (index,unique...)

 

 

二、not null 与default

是否可空，null表示空，非字符串
not null - 不可空
null - 可空

默认值，创建列时可以指定默认值，当插入数据时如果未主动设置，则自动添加默认值

 

create table tb1(
    nid int not null defalut 2,
    num int not null 
);

 

验证1：

mysql> create table t11(id int);# id字段默认可以为空
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)

mysql> desc t11;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11) | YES   |          | NULL    |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
1 row in set (0.03 sec)
mysql> insert into t11 values(); #给t11表插一个空的值
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

#查询结果如下
mysql> select * from t11;
+------+
| id   |
+------+
| NULL |
+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

 

验证2：

# 设置not null , 插入值时不能为空
mysql> create table t12(id int not null);#设置字段id不为空
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> desc t12;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into t12 values();#不能插入空
ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field 'id' doesn't have a default value

 

验证3：

#  设置id字段有默认值后，则无论id字段是null还是not null，都可以插入空，插入空默认填入default指定的默认值

# 第一种情况
mysql> create table t13(id int default 1);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> desc t13;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11) | YES  |           | 1              |              |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into t13 values();
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t13;
+------+
| id   |
+------+
|    1  |
+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)


# 第二种情况
mysql> create table t14(id int not null default 2);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> desc t14;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11) | NO      |         | 2               |             |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from t14;
+----+
| id |
+----+
|  2 |
+----+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

 

小练习：

创建学生表student2，设置每个字段的约束条件。

mysql> create table student2(
    -> id int not null,
    -> name varchar(50) not null,
    -> age int(3) unsigned not null default 18,
    -> sex enum('male','female') default 'male',
    -> fav set('smoke','drink','tangtou') default 'drink,tangtou'
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

# 只插入了not null约束条件的字段对应的值
mysql> insert into student2(id,name) values(1,'heshun');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

# 查询结果如下
mysql> select * from student2;
+----+------+-----+------+---------------+
| id | name | age | sex  | fav           |
+----+------+-----+------+---------------+
|  1 | heshun  |  18 | male | drink,tangtou |
+----+------+-----+------+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

 

3、unique

中文翻译：不同的。在mysql中称为单列唯一

举例说明：创建公司部门表（每个公司都有唯一的一个部门）。

mysql> create table department(
    -> id int,
    -> name char(10)
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into department values(1,'IT'),(2,'IT');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from department;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    1 | IT   |
|    2 | IT   |
+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 发现： 同时插入两个IT部门也是可以的，但这是不合理的，所以我们要设置name字段为unique 解决这种不合理的现象。

 

接下来，使用约束条件unique，来对公司部门的字段进行设置。

#第一种创建unique的方式
#例子1：
create table department(
    id int,
    name char(10) unique
);
mysql> insert into department values(1,'it'),(2,'it');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'it' for key 'name'

#例子2：
create table department(
    id int unique,
    name char(10) unique
);
insert into department values(1,'it'),(2,'sale');

#第二种创建unique的方式
create table department(
    id int,
    name char(10) ,
    unique(id),
    unique(name)
);
insert into department values(1,'it'),(2,'sale');

联合唯一：

# 创建services表
mysql> create table services(
    -> id int,
    -> ip char(15),
    -> port int,
    -> unique(id),
    -> unique(ip,port)
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)

mysql> desc services;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type      | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id        | int(11)   | YES   | UNI  | NULL       |             |
| ip        | char(15) | YES   | MUL  | NULL       |             |
| port    | int(11) | YES   |          | NULL       |             |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

#联合唯一，只要两列记录，有一列不同，既符合联合唯一的约束
mysql> insert into services values
    -> (1,'192,168,11,23',80),
    -> (2,'192,168,11,23',81),
    -> (3,'192,168,11,25',80);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from services;
+------+---------------+------+
| id   | ip            | port |
+------+---------------+------+
|    1 | 192,168,11,23 |   80 |
|    2 | 192,168,11,23 |   81 |
|    3 | 192,168,11,25 |   80 |
+------+---------------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into services values (4,'192,168,11,23',80);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '192,168,11,23-80' for key 'ip'

 

4.primary key

一个表中可以：

单列做主键
多列做主键（复合主键）

约束：等价于 not null unique,字段的值不为空且唯一

存储引擎默认是（innodb）:对于innodb存储引擎来说，一张表必须有一个主键。

 

单列主键

# 创建t14表，为id字段设置主键，唯一的不同的记录
create table t14(
    id int primary key,
    name char(16)
);

insert into t14 values
(1,'xiaoma'),
(2,'xiaohong');

mysql> insert into t14 values(2,'wxxx');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '6' for key 'PRIMARY'


#   not null + unique的化学反应，相当于给id设置primary key
create table t15(
    id int not null unique,
    name char(16)
);
mysql> create table t15(
    -> id int not null unique,
    -> name char(16)
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> desc t15;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id        | int(11)  | NO     | PRI | NULL       |             |
| name   | char(16) | YES  |         | NULL       |             |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.02 sec)

复合主键

create table t16(
    ip char(15),
    port int,
    primary key(ip,port)
);

insert into t16 values
('1.1.1.2',80),
('1.1.1.2',81);

5.auto_increment

约束:约束的字段为自动增长，约束的字段必须同时被key约束

(重点)  验证 : 

不指定id自动增长

# 创建student
create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
);

mysql>  desc student;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | male    |                |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.17 sec)

#插入记录
mysql>  insert into student(name) values ('老白'),('小白');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from student;
+----+--------+------+
| id | name   | sex  |
+----+--------+------+
|  1 | 老白   | male |
|  2 | 小白   | male |
+----+--------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

 

也可以指定id

mysql> insert into student values(4,'asb','female');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into student values(7,'wsb','female');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+----+--------+--------+
| id | name   | sex    |
+----+--------+--------+
|  1 | 老白   | male   |
|  2 | 小白   | male   |
|  4 | asb    | female |
|  7 | wsb    | female |
+----+--------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 再次插入一条不指定id的记录，会在之前的最后一条记录继续增长
mysql>  insert into student(name) values ('大白');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+----+--------+--------+
| id | name   | sex    |
+----+--------+--------+
|  1 | 老白   | male   |
|  2 | 小白   | male   |
|  4 | asb    | female |
|  7 | wsb    | female |
|  8 | 大白   | male   |
+----+--------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

对于自增长字段 ,在用delete 删除后 , 再插入值, 该字段仍按照删除前的位置继续增长

mysql> delete from student;
Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into student(name) values('ysb');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex  |
+----+------+------+
|  9 | ysb  | male |
+----+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

#应该用truncate清空表，比起delete一条一条地删除记录，truncate是直接清空表，在删除大表时用它
mysql> truncate student;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

mysql>  insert into student(name) values('xiaobai');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+----+---------+------+
| id | name    | sex  |
+----+---------+------+
|  1 | xiaobai | male |
+----+---------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

 

了解 : 设置步长增加

查看可用的 开头auto_inc的词
mysql> show variables like 'auto_inc%';
+--------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name            | Value |
+--------------------------+-------+
| auto_increment_increment | 1     |
| auto_increment_offset    | 1     |
+--------------------------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.02 sec)
# 步长auto_increment_increment,默认为1
# 起始的偏移量auto_increment_offset, 默认是1

 # 设置步长 为会话设置，只在本次连接中有效
 set session auto_increment_increment=5;

 #全局设置步长 都有效。
 set global auto_increment_increment=5;

 # 设置起始偏移量
 set global  auto_increment_offset=3;

#强调：If the value of auto_increment_offset is greater than that of auto_increment_increment, the value of auto_increment_offset is ignored. 
翻译：如果auto_increment_offset的值大于auto_increment_increment的值，则auto_increment_offset的值会被忽略 

# 设置完起始偏移量和步长之后，再次执行show variables like'auto_inc%';
发现跟之前一样，必须先exit,再登录才有效。

mysql> show variables like'auto_inc%';
+--------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name            | Value |
+--------------------------+-------+
| auto_increment_increment | 5     |
| auto_increment_offset    | 3     |
+--------------------------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

#因为之前有一条记录id=1
mysql> select * from student;
+----+---------+------+
| id | name    | sex  |
+----+---------+------+
|  1 | xiaobai | male |
+----+---------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
# 下次插入的时候，从起始位置3开始，每次插入记录id+5
mysql> insert into student(name) values('ma1'),('ma2'),('ma3');
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from student;
+----+---------+------+
| id | name    | sex  |
+----+---------+------+
|  1 | xiaobai | male |
|  3 | ma1     | male |
|  8 | ma2     | male |
| 13 | ma3     | male |
+----+---------+------+

清空表区分delete和truncate的区别：

delete from t1  ; # 如果有自增id 新增的数据, 仍然是以删除前的最后一个作为起始 

truncate table t1 ; 数据量大 , 删除速度比上一条块 , 且直接从零开始 . 

 

6.foreign key

一 快速理解foreign key

之前创建表的时候都是在一张表中添加记录，比如如下表：

 

 

 

 

 

司有3个部门，但是有1个亿的员工，那意味着部门这个字段需要重复存储，部门名字越长，越浪费。

这个时候，

解决方法：

我们完全可以定义一个部门表

然后让员工信息表关联该表，如何关联，即foreign key

我们可以将上表改为如下结构：

 

 

 

 

 

 

此时有两张表，一张是employee表,简称emp表（关联表，也就从表）。一张是department表，简称dep表（被关联表，也叫主表）。

 

创建两张表的操作:

#1.创建表时先创建被关联表，再创建关联表
# 先创建被关联表（dep表）
create table dep(
    id int primary key,
    name varchar(20) not null,
    descripe varchar(20) not null
);

#再创建关联表（emp表）
create table emp(
    id int primary key,
    name varchar(20) not null,
    age int not null,
    dep_id int,
    constraint fk_dep foreign key(dep_id) references dep(id) 
);

#2.插入记录时，先往被关联表中插入记录，再往关联表中插入记录

insert into dep values
(1,'IT','IT技术有限部门'),
(2,'销售部','销售部门'),
(3,'财务部','花钱太多部门');

insert into emp values
(1,'zhangsan',18,1),
(2,'lisi',19,1),
(3,'egon',20,2),
(4,'yuanhao',40,3),
(5,'alex',18,2);

3.删除表
#按道理来说，删除了部门表中的某个部门，员工表的有关联的记录相继删除。
mysql> delete from dep where id=3;
ERROR 1451 (23000): Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails (`db5`.`emp`, CONSTRAINT `fk_name` FOREIGN KEY (`dep_id`) REFERENCES `dep` (`id`))

#但是先删除员工表的记录之后，再删除当前部门就没有任何问题

mysql> delete from emp where dep =3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from emp;
+----+----------+-----+--------+
| id | name     | age | dep_id |
+----+----------+-----+--------+
|  1 | zhangsan |  18 |      1 |
|  2 | lisi     |  18 |      1 |
|  3 | egon     |  20 |      2 |
|  5 | alex     |  18 |      2 |
+----+----------+-----+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> delete from dep where id=3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from dep;
+----+-----------+----------------------+
| id | name      | descripe             |
+----+-----------+----------------------+
|  1 | IT        | IT技术有限部门       |
|  2 | 销售部    | 销售部门             |
+----+-----------+----------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

上面的删除表记录的操作比较繁琐，按道理讲，裁掉一个部门，该部门的员工也会被裁掉。其实呢，在建表的时候还有个很重要的内容，叫同步删除，同步更新

接下来将刚建好的两张表全部删除，先删除关联表（emp）,再删除被关联表（dep）

接下来：
重复上面的操作建表
注意：在关联表中加入

on delete cascade  #同步删除

on update cascade  #同步更新 

 

修改emp 表

create table emp(
    id int primary key,
    name varchar(20) not null,
    age int not null,
    dep_id int,
    constraint fk_dep foreign key(dep_id) references dep(id) 
    on delete cascade #同步删除
    on update cascade #同步更新
);

 

接下来的操作，就复合我们正常的生活中的情况了。

#再去删被关联表(dep)的记录，关联表(emp)中的记录也跟着删除
mysql> delete from dep where id=3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from dep;
+----+-----------+----------------------+
| id | name      | descripe             |
+----+-----------+----------------------+
|  1 | IT        | IT技术有限部门       |
|  2 | 销售部    | 销售部门             |
+----+-----------+----------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from emp;
+----+----------+-----+--------+
| id | name     | age | dep_id |
+----+----------+-----+--------+
|  1 | zhangsan |  18 |      1 |
|  2 | lisi     |  19 |      1 |
|  3 | egon     |  20 |      2 |
|  5 | alex     |  18 |      2 |
+----+----------+-----+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

#再去更改被关联表(dep)的记录，关联表(emp)中的记录也跟着更改

mysql> update dep set id=222 where id=2;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

# 赶紧去查看一下两张表是否都被删除了，是否都被更改了
mysql> select * from dep;
+-----+-----------+----------------------+
| id  | name      | descripe             |
+-----+-----------+----------------------+
|   1 | IT        | IT技术有限部门       |
| 222 | 销售部    | 销售部门             |
+-----+-----------+----------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from emp;
+----+----------+-----+--------+
| id | name     | age | dep_id |
+----+----------+-----+--------+
|  1 | zhangsan |  18 |      1 |
|  2 | lisi     |  19 |      1 |
|  3 | egon     |  20 |    222 |
|  5 | alex     |  18 |    222 |
+----+----------+-----+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)