一、视图

  1、视图

    MySQL从5.0.1版本开始提供视图功能。一种虚拟存在的表,行和列的数据来自定义视图的查询中使用的表,并且是在使用视图时动态生成的, 只保存了sql逻辑,不保存查询结果。

  2、应用场景

    (1)多个地方用到同样的查询结果;

    (2)该查询结果使用的 SQL 语句比较复杂;

  3、示例

    

  4、视图的好处

    (1)重用 SQL 语句;

    (2)简化复杂的 SQL 操作,不必知道它的查询细节;

    (3)保护数据,提高安全性;

 

二、操作视图

  1、创建视图

    语法:

create view view_name
As select_statement
[with|cascaded|local|check option]

  

    案例:

    (1)查询姓名中包含a字符的员工名、部门名和工种信息

      ① 创建视图

CREATE VIEW v1
AS
SELECT last_name, department_name, job_title
FROM employees e
JOIN departments d ON e.department_id = d.department_id
JOIN jobs j ON j.job_id = e.job_id;

  

      ② 使用

SELECT * FROM v1 WHERE last_name LIKE '%a%';

  

    (2)查询各部门的平均工资级别

      ① 创建视图查看各个部门的平均工资

CREATE VIEW v2
AS 
SELECT AVG(salary) ag, department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;

  

      ② 使用视图

SELECT v2.`ag`, g.grade_level 
FROM v2
JOIN job_grades g
ON v2.`ag` BETWEEN g.`lowest_sal` AND g.`highest_sal`; 

  

    (3)查询平均工资最低的部门信息

SELECT * FROM v2 ORDER BY ag LIMIT 1;

  

    (4)查询平均工资最低的部门名和工资

CREATE VIEW v3
AS
SELECT * FROM v2
ORDER BY ag LIMIT 1;

SELECT d.*, v.ag
FROM v3 v
JOIN departments d
ON v.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;

  

  2、修改视图

    方式一:

      语法:

create [or replace] view view_name
As select_statement
[with|cascaded|local|check option]

  

      案例:

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW v3
AS
SELECT AVG(salary), job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id;

SELECT * FROM v3;

  

    方式二:

      语法:

alter view 视图名
as 
查询语句;

  

      案例:

ALTER VIEW v3
AS 
SELECT * FROM employees;

  

  3、查看视图

    方式一:

      语法:

DESC view_name;

  

    方式二:

      如果需要查询某个视图的定义,可以使用下面命令进行查看:

      语法:

show create view view_name \G

  

  4、删除视图

    用户可以一次删除一个或者多个视图,前提是必须有该视图的 drop 权限。

    语法:

drop view [if exists] view_name,view_name …[restrict|cascade]

  

  5、更新视图

    (1)插入

INSERT INTO myv1 VALUES('张飞','zf@qq.com');

  

    (2)修改

UPDATE myv1 SET last_name = '张无忌' WHERE last_name='张飞';

  

    (3)删除

DELETE FROM myv1 WHERE last_name = '张无忌';

      插入、修改、删除对视图进行修改时也会对影响原始表。

      视图的可更新性和视图中查询的定义有关系,以下类型的视图是不能更新的。

包含以下关键字的sql语句:分组函数、 distinct、 group by、having、 union或者union all
常量视图
Select中包含子查询
join
from一个不能更新的视图
where子句的子查询引用了from子句中的表

    测试:

    ① 包含以下关键字的sql语句:分组函数、distinct、group  by、having、union或者union all

      创建视图:

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT MAX(salary) m,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;

SELECT * FROM myv1;

  

      测试:更新

UPDATE myv1 SET m=9000 WHERE department_id=10;

 

      报错:

      

    ② 常量视图

      创建视图:

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv2
AS
SELECT 'john' NAME;

SELECT * FROM myv2;

 

      测试:更新

UPDATE myv2 SET NAME='lucy';

 

    ③ Select中包含子查询

      创建视图:

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT department_id,(SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees) 最高工资
FROM departments;

 

      测试:更新

SELECT * FROM myv3;
UPDATE myv3 SET 最高工资=100000;

    ④ join

      创建视图:

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv4
AS
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e
JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id  = d.department_id;

 

      测试:更新

UPDATE myv4 SET last_name  = '张飞' WHERE last_name='Whalen';
INSERT INTO myv4 VALUES('陈真','xxxx');

 

    ⑤ from 一个不能更新的视图

      创建视图:

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv5
AS
SELECT * FROM myv3;

 

      测试:更新

UPDATE myv5 SET 最高工资=10000 WHERE department_id=60;

 

    ⑥ where子句的子查询引用了from子句中的表

      创建视图:

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv6
AS

SELECT last_name,email,salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN(
	SELECT  manager_id
	FROM employees
	WHERE manager_id IS NOT NULL
);

 

      测试:更新

SELECT * FROM myv6;
UPDATE myv6 SET salary=10000 WHERE last_name = 'k_ing';

 

三、其他

  1、视图和表的对比

 

  2、

四、练习

  1、创建视图emp_v1,要求查询电话号码以‘011’开头的员工姓名和工资、邮箱

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW emp_v1
AS
SELECT last_name,salary,email
FROM employees
WHERE phone_number LIKE '011%';

  

  2、创建视图emp_v2,要求查询部门的最高工资高于12000的部门信息

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW emp_v2
AS
SELECT MAX(salary) mx_dep,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MAX(salary)>12000;


SELECT d.*,m.mx_dep
FROM departments d
JOIN emp_v2 m
ON m.department_id = d.`department_id`;

  

 

posted on 2021-07-07 08:59  格物致知_Tony  阅读(114)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报