Python_Tips
Python绝对路径与相对路径读写文件【上级目录： os.path.dirname(os.getcwd())】
# coding:utf8 ''' 知识点：Python读写文件时候的相对路径与绝对路径 准备工作：先在同级目录下写一个test.txt文件，里面写汉字、字母、数字 ''' ''' 一、用绝对路径读写 ''' # 第一种 with open() 【推荐】 with open('C:\\Users\\Administrator\\desktop\\test.txt','r') as f: print(f.read().decode('utf8')) #注意编码 # 第二种 with open() with open('C:/Users/Administrator/desktop/test.txt','r') as f: #注：这里 \\ 等同于 / print(f.read()) #试试不写编码格式会出现什么问题-.- # 第三种 open() + close() 【不推荐用这个，因为语句较长】 file1 = open('C:\\Users\\Administrator\\desktop\\test.txt','r') print(file1.read().decode('utf8')) file1.close() # 补充： with open('C:\\Users\\Administrator\\desktop\\test.txt','w') as f: #写入 f.write('测试test11') #这样会替换原来全部文字 ''' 二、用相对路径 os.getcwd() #获取当前绝对路径 os.path.dirname(os.getcwd()) #当前目录的上一级/父级目录 ''' # 读取上一级/父级目录中的文件 import os BASE_DIR = os.getcwd() #获取当前绝对路径 # print(u'当前绝对路径是：' + BASE_DIR) Father_BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.getcwd()) #当前目录的上一级/父级目录 # print(u'当前目录的父级目录是：' + Father_BASE_DIR) file_path = os.path.join(Father_BASE_DIR,'test.txt') #获取当前文件夹下的Test_Data文件 with open(file_path,'r') as f: print(f.read().decode('utf8'))
Python调用其他文件(夹)中的类
#coding:utf8 ''' 说明：Python其他文件中类的调用 目录结构如下: main.py pakage/mymodel.py ''' # -------------------------------------------- # main.py # coding:utf8 from pakge.mymodel import mymodel.test # 注：引用路径写法 mylist= [1,2,3] a = test(mylist) a.prt() a.tplt() # -------------------------------------------- # pakage/mymodel.py #coidng:utf8 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt class test(object): num = [] def __init__(self, _list): super(test, self).__init__() self.num = _list def prt(self): print(self.num) def tplt(self): plt.plot(self.num) plt.show() # mylist= [1,2,3] # a = test(mylist) # a.prt() # a.tplt()
Python分装成类
# Python 类的封装 class Gun: def __init__(self, model): # 1. 枪的型号 self.model = model # 2. 子弹的数量 self.bullet_count = 0 def add_bullet(self, count): self.bullet_count += count def shoot(self): # 1. 判断字弹的数量 if self.bullet_count <= 0: print("[%s] 没有字弹了..." % self.model) return # 2. 发射子弹 self.bullet_count -= 1 # 3. 提示发射信息 print("[%s] 突突突...子弹有： [%d]" % (self.model, self.bullet_count)) # 创建枪对象 ak47 = Gun('ak47') ak47.add_bullet(30) ak47.shoot() ak47.shoot() class Soldier: def __init__(self, name): self.name = name self.gun = None # 私有 def fire(self): # 1. 判断士兵是否有枪 if self.gun is None: # 身份运算符（is） 可以替换（==） print("[%s] 还没有枪..." % self.name) return # 2. 口号 print("冲啊... [%s]" % self.name) # 3. 装子弹 self.gun.add_bullet(30) # 4. 发射子弹 self.gun.shoot() # 创建一个士兵 jack = Soldier("jack") jack.gun = ak47 jack.fire() print(jack.gun) 类的封装
1.使用TensorFlow识别验证码
https://cuiqingcai.com/5709.html
2.Pyqt基础，写一个框
import sys from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication,QMainWindow,QAction,QMessageBox from PyQt5.QtGui import QIcon class myWin(QMainWindow): def __init__(self): super().__init__() self.initUI() def initUI(self): #创建动作对象并设置 action_close=QAction(QIcon('icon.png'),'&退出',self) action_close.setShortcut('A') action_close.setStatusTip('这是退出功能') action_close.triggered.connect(self.close) action_open=QAction(QIcon('icon.png'),'&打开',self) action_open.setShortcut('Ctrl+O') action_open.setStatusTip('这是打开功能') action_open.triggered.connect(self.open1) #创建菜单 menuBar=self.menuBar() menufile=menuBar.addMenu('&文件') menufile.addAction(action_open) menufile.addAction(action_close) #设置状态栏 self.statusBar().showMessage('这个是状态栏....') #设置窗口属性 self.setGeometry(100,300,400,400) self.setWindowTitle('菜单栏实例') self.setWindowIcon(QIcon('icon.png')) self.show() #重写关闭事件方法（closeEvent） def closeEvent(self,event): #获取消息框实例的值 msg=QMessageBox.question(self,'退出警告','你确认退出吗？？',QMessageBox.Yes | QMessageBox.No,QMessageBox.No) #判定消息框的返回值 if msg==QMessageBox.Yes: event.accept() else: event.ignore() def open1(self): print('马季是个相声家') if __name__=='__main__': app=QApplication(sys.argv) my=myWin() sys.exit(app.exec_()) Python_menuBar
3.Pyqt5做俄罗斯方块,能运行
""" 俄罗斯方块 author: wolfstar last edited: 2018年1月 """ import sys, random from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QMainWindow, QFrame, QDesktopWidget, QApplication from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt, QBasicTimer, pyqtSignal from PyQt5.QtGui import QPainter, QColor #主界面类 class Tetris(QMainWindow): def __init__(self): super().__init__() self.initUI() def initUI(self): #Board创建一个面板类的实例，并设置应用程序的核心部件。 self.tboard = Board(self) self.setCentralWidget(self.tboard) #创建一个状态栏将显示消息。我们将显示三种可能的消息:已删除的行数,停顿了一下消息,或游戏结束的消息。msg2Statusbar是一个自定义的信号,在Board 中实现类。showMessage()是一个内置的方法,在状态栏显示一条消息。 self.statusbar = self.statusBar() self.tboard.msg2Statusbar[str].connect(self.statusbar.showMessage) #这一行代码启动游戏 self.tboard.start() self.resize(180, 380) self.center() self.setWindowTitle('Tetris') self.show() #窗体居中显示方法 def center(self): screen = QDesktopWidget().screenGeometry() size = self.geometry() self.move((screen.width() - size.width()) / 2, (screen.height() - size.height()) / 2) #创建面板类 class Board(QFrame): #创建一个自定义的信号。当我们想写一个信息或状态栏的分数的时候，msg2Statusbar发出一个信号 msg2Statusbar = pyqtSignal(str) #这些都是Board的类变量。BoardWidth和BoardHeight定义的块的大小。Speed定义了游戏的速度。每个300 ms将开始一个新游戏循环。 BoardWidth = 10 BoardHeight = 22 Speed = 300 def __init__(self, parent): super().__init__(parent) self.initBoard() #我们在initBoard()方法初始化一些重要的变量。board变量是一个从0到7的数字列表。它代表了面板上各种形状和位置。 def initBoard(self): self.timer = QBasicTimer() self.isWaitingAfterLine = False self.curX = 0 self.curY = 0 self.numLinesRemoved = 0 self.board = [] self.setFocusPolicy(Qt.StrongFocus) self.isStarted = False self.isPaused = False self.clearBoard() #shapeAt()方法确定在给定形状块的类型。 def shapeAt(self, x, y): return self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x] def setShapeAt(self, x, y, shape): self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x] = shape #Board可以动态地调整大小。因此,块的大小可能会有所改变。squareWidth()计算单一方块像素的宽度并返回它。Board.BoardWidth方块板的大小。 def squareWidth(self): return self.contentsRect().width() // Board.BoardWidth def squareHeight(self): return self.contentsRect().height() // Board.BoardHeight #游戏开始方法 def start(self): if self.isPaused: return self.isStarted = True self.isWaitingAfterLine = False self.numLinesRemoved = 0 self.clearBoard() self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved)) self.newPiece() self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self) #游戏暂停方法 def pause(self): if not self.isStarted: return self.isPaused = not self.isPaused if self.isPaused: self.timer.stop() self.msg2Statusbar.emit("paused") else: self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self) self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved)) self.update() #窗体绘图 def paintEvent(self, event): painter = QPainter(self) #根据窗体舞台大小计算顶部 rect = self.contentsRect() boardTop = rect.bottom() - Board.BoardHeight * self.squareHeight() #游戏的绘制分为两个步骤，第一步，绘制所有方块，这些方块都要保存在底部列表中。列表通过shapeAt() 方法来添加方块。 for i in range(Board.BoardHeight): for j in range(Board.BoardWidth): shape = self.shapeAt(j, Board.BoardHeight - i - 1) if shape != Tetrominoe.NoShape: self.drawSquare(painter, rect.left() + j * self.squareWidth(), boardTop + i * self.squareHeight(), shape) #第二步绘制下降中的方块 if self.curPiece.shape() != Tetrominoe.NoShape: for i in range(4): x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i) y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i) self.drawSquare(painter, rect.left() + x * self.squareWidth(), boardTop + (Board.BoardHeight - y - 1) * self.squareHeight(), self.curPiece.shape()) def keyPressEvent(self, event): if not self.isStarted or self.curPiece.shape() == Tetrominoe.NoShape: super(Board, self).keyPressEvent(event) return key = event.key() if key == Qt.Key_P: self.pause() return if self.isPaused: return #keyPressEvent()方法检查按下键。当按右箭头键,我们试图向右移动一块。我们使用tyrMove,因为可能无法移动。 elif key == Qt.Key_Left: self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX - 1, self.curY) elif key == Qt.Key_Right: self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX + 1, self.curY) #向上箭头键将旋转方块。 elif key == Qt.Key_Down: self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateRight(), self.curX, self.curY) elif key == Qt.Key_Up: self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateLeft(), self.curX, self.curY) #空格键立即下降到底部 elif key == Qt.Key_Space: self.dropDown() #按下D键，可以加速下降。 elif key == Qt.Key_D: self.oneLineDown() else: super(Board, self).keyPressEvent(event) #计时器事件,当我们前一个方块降到底部后，创建一个新的方块。 def timerEvent(self, event): if event.timerId() == self.timer.timerId(): if self.isWaitingAfterLine: self.isWaitingAfterLine = False self.newPiece() else: self.oneLineDown() else: super(Board, self).timerEvent(event) #clearBoard()方法通过设置Tetrominoe.NoShape清除面板 def clearBoard(self): for i in range(Board.BoardHeight * Board.BoardWidth): self.board.append(Tetrominoe.NoShape) def dropDown(self): newY = self.curY while newY > 0: if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, newY - 1): break newY -= 1 self.pieceDropped() def oneLineDown(self): if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY - 1): self.pieceDropped() def pieceDropped(self): for i in range(4): x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i) y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i) self.setShapeAt(x, y, self.curPiece.shape()) self.removeFullLines() if not self.isWaitingAfterLine: self.newPiece() #如果到达底部,会调用removeFullLines()方法。我们会检查所有完整的线条然后删除它们。然后移动所有行高于当前删除整行一行。请注意,我们反的顺序行被删除。否则,就会出错。 def removeFullLines(self): numFullLines = 0 rowsToRemove = [] for i in range(Board.BoardHeight): n = 0 for j in range(Board.BoardWidth): if not self.shapeAt(j, i) == Tetrominoe.NoShape: n = n + 1 if n == 10: rowsToRemove.append(i) rowsToRemove.reverse() for m in rowsToRemove: for k in range(m, Board.BoardHeight): for l in range(Board.BoardWidth): self.setShapeAt(l, k, self.shapeAt(l, k + 1)) numFullLines = numFullLines + len(rowsToRemove) if numFullLines > 0: self.numLinesRemoved = self.numLinesRemoved + numFullLines self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved)) self.isWaitingAfterLine = True self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape) self.update() #通过newPiece()方法创建一个新的方块，如果不能进入它的初始位置,游戏就结束了。 def newPiece(self): self.curPiece = Shape() self.curPiece.setRandomShape() self.curX = Board.BoardWidth // 2 + 1 self.curY = Board.BoardHeight - 1 + self.curPiece.minY() if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY): self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape) self.timer.stop() self.isStarted = False self.msg2Statusbar.emit("Game over") #使用tryMove()方法尝试移动方块。如果方块的边缘已经接触到面板边缘或者不能移动,我们返回False。否则我们当前块下降到一个新的位置。 def tryMove(self, newPiece, newX, newY): for i in range(4): x = newX + newPiece.x(i) y = newY - newPiece.y(i) if x < 0 or x >= Board.BoardWidth or y < 0 or y >= Board.BoardHeight: return False if self.shapeAt(x, y) != Tetrominoe.NoShape: return False self.curPiece = newPiece self.curX = newX self.curY = newY self.update() return True def drawSquare(self, painter, x, y, shape): colorTable = [0x000000, 0xCC6666, 0x66CC66, 0x6666CC, 0xCCCC66, 0xCC66CC, 0x66CCCC, 0xDAAA00] color = QColor(colorTable[shape]) painter.fillRect(x + 1, y + 1, self.squareWidth() - 2, self.squareHeight() - 2, color) painter.setPen(color.lighter()) painter.drawLine(x, y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x, y) painter.drawLine(x, y, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y) painter.setPen(color.darker()) painter.drawLine(x + 1, y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y + self.squareHeight() - 1) painter.drawLine(x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y + 1) #Tetrominoe类包含所有可能的形状。NoShape空形状。 class Tetrominoe(object): NoShape = 0 ZShape = 1 SShape = 2 LineShape = 3 TShape = 4 SquareShape = 5 LShape = 6 MirroredLShape = 7 #Shape 类保存方块信息 class Shape(object): #coordsTable 元组包含所有可能的俄罗斯方块的坐标值。这是一个模板的所有块坐标值。 coordsTable = ( ((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)), ((0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0), (-1, 1)), ((0, -1), (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1)), ((0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2)), ((-1, 0), (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1)), ((0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1)), ((-1, -1), (0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1)), ((1, -1), (0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1)) ) def __init__(self): self.coords = [[0, 0] for i in range(4)] self.pieceShape = Tetrominoe.NoShape self.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape) def shape(self): return self.pieceShape def setShape(self, shape): table = Shape.coordsTable[shape] for i in range(4): for j in range(2): self.coords[i][j] = table[i][j] self.pieceShape = shape def setRandomShape(self): self.setShape(random.randint(1, 7)) def x(self, index): return self.coords[index][0] def y(self, index): return self.coords[index][1] def setX(self, index, x): self.coords[index][0] = x def setY(self, index, y): self.coords[index][1] = y def minX(self): m = self.coords[0][0] for i in range(4): m = min(m, self.coords[i][0]) return m def maxX(self): m = self.coords[0][0] for i in range(4): m = max(m, self.coords[i][0]) return m def minY(self): m = self.coords[0][1] for i in range(4): m = min(m, self.coords[i][1]) return m def maxY(self): m = self.coords[0][1] for i in range(4): m = max(m, self.coords[i][1]) return m #rotateLeft() 向左旋转方块。如果方块本身不能被旋转，我们就返回当前对象的应用。否则就创建一个新的块及其坐标设置为的旋转。 def rotateLeft(self): if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape: return self result = Shape() result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape for i in range(4): result.setX(i, self.y(i)) result.setY(i, -self.x(i)) return result def rotateRight(self): if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape: return self result = Shape() result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape for i in range(4): result.setX(i, -self.y(i)) result.setY(i, self.x(i)) return result if __name__ == '__main__': app = QApplication([]) tetris = Tetris() sys.exit(app.exec_())
4.Pyqt5做计算器
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:UTF-8 -*- # calculator import sys from PyQt5.QtGui import * from PyQt5.QtCore import * class UI_form(QWidget): def __init__(self,parent = None): QWidget.__init__(self) self.setWindowTitle('UI') grid = QGridLayout() #网格式布局 global lcd lcd = QTextBrowser() lcd.setFixedHeight(90) lcd.setFont(QFont("Microsoft YaHei", 20)) lcd.setText('0'.decode('utf-8')) grid.setSpacing(0) grid.addWidget(lcd, 0, 0, 1, 5) # ---------------------按钮定义及显示------------------------- button_0 = QPushButton('0') grid.addWidget(button_0,5,0) button_1 = QPushButton('1') grid.addWidget(button_1,4,0) button_2 = QPushButton('2') grid.addWidget(button_2,4,1) button_3 = QPushButton('3') grid.addWidget(button_3,4,2) button_4 = QPushButton('4') grid.addWidget(button_4,3,0) button_5 = QPushButton('5') grid.addWidget(button_5,3,1) button_6 = QPushButton('6') grid.addWidget(button_6,3,2) button_7 = QPushButton('7') grid.addWidget(button_7,2,0) button_8 = QPushButton('8') grid.addWidget(button_8,2,1) button_9 = QPushButton('9') grid.addWidget(button_9,2,2) button_plus = QPushButton('+') grid.addWidget(button_plus,2,3) button_dec = QPushButton('-') grid.addWidget(button_dec,3,3) button_mul = QPushButton('*') grid.addWidget(button_mul,4,3) button_dev = QPushButton('/') grid.addWidget(button_dev,5,3) button_eq = QPushButton('=') grid.addWidget(button_eq,5,2) button_point = QPushButton('.') grid.addWidget(button_point,5,1) button_close = QPushButton('Close') grid.addWidget(button_close,1,0) button_clear = QPushButton('Clear') grid.addWidget(button_clear,1,1) button_blk = QPushButton('Blk') grid.addWidget(button_blk,1,2) #-------------------------------------------------- self.setLayout(grid) self.resize(350, 300) self.str1 = ''#接收第一个要运算的数 self.str2 = ''#接收第二个要运算的数 self.flag = '0' self.calFlag = '' lcd.setText(self.str1) #数字键事件处理 QObject.connect(button_7,SIGNAL("clicked()"),self.func_button7) QObject.connect(button_8,SIGNAL("clicked()"),self.func_button8) QObject.connect(button_9,SIGNAL("clicked()"),self.func_button9) QObject.connect(button_4,SIGNAL("clicked()"),self.func_button4) QObject.connect(button_5,SIGNAL("clicked()"),self.func_button5) QObject.connect(button_6,SIGNAL("clicked()"),self.func_button6) QObject.connect(button_1,SIGNAL("clicked()"),self.func_button1) QObject.connect(button_2,SIGNAL("clicked()"),self.func_button2) QObject.connect(button_3,SIGNAL("clicked()"),self.func_button3) QObject.connect(button_0,SIGNAL("clicked()"),self.func_button0) #运算符按键事件处理 QObject.connect(button_plus,SIGNAL("clicked()"),self.func_buttonAdd) QObject.connect(button_dec,SIGNAL("clicked()"),self.func_buttonDec) QObject.connect(button_mul,SIGNAL("clicked()"),self.func_buttonMul) QObject.connect(button_dev,SIGNAL("clicked()"),self.func_buttonChu) QObject.connect(button_eq,SIGNAL("clicked()"),self.func_buttonEqual) QObject.connect(button_clear,SIGNAL("clicked()"),self.func_buttonClear) def closeEvent(self,event):#窗口关闭时的处理，只实现这个函数就可以，不用去调用 reply = QMessageBox.question(self,'Message',"Are you sure to quit?",QMessageBox.Yes,QMessageBox.No) if reply == QMessageBox.Yes: event.accept() else: event.ignore() def func_button7(self): if self.flag == '1': self.str2 = self.str2 + '7' lcd.setText(self.str2) else: self.str1 = self.str1 + '7' lcd.setText(self.str1) def func_button8(self): if self.flag == '1': self.str2 = self.str2 + '8' lcd.setText(self.str2) else: self.str1 = self.str1 + '8' lcd.setText(self.str1) def func_button9(self): if self.flag == '1': self.str2 = self.str2 + '9' lcd.setText(self.str2) else: self.str1 = self.str1 + '9' lcd.setText(self.str1) def func_button4(self): if self.flag == '1': self.str2 = self.str2 + '4' lcd.setText(self.str2) else: self.str1 = self.str1 + '4' lcd.setText(self.str1) def func_button5(self): if self.flag == '1': self.str2 = self.str2 + '5' lcd.setText(self.str2) else: self.str1 = self.str1 + '5' lcd.setText(self.str1) def func_button6(self): if self.flag == '1': self.str2 = self.str2 + '6' lcd.setText(self.str2) else: self.str1 = self.str1 + '6' lcd.setText(self.str1) def func_button1(self): if self.flag == '1': self.str2 = self.str2 + '1' lcd.setText(self.str2) else: self.str1 = self.str1 + '1' lcd.setText(self.str1) def func_button2(self): if self.flag == '1': self.str2 = self.str2 + '2' lcd.setText(self.str2) else: self.str1 = self.str1 + '2' lcd.setText(self.str1) def func_button3(self): if self.flag == '1': self.str2 = self.str2 + '3' lcd.setText(self.str2) else: self.str1 = self.str1 + '3' lcd.setText(self.str1) def func_button0(self): if self.flag == '1': self.str2 = self.str2 + '0' lcd.setText(self.str2) else: self.str1 = self.str1 + '0' lcd.setText(self.str1) #运算符处理函数 def func_buttonAdd(self): lcd.setText(self.str2) self.flag = '1' self.calFlag = '1' def func_buttonDec(self): lcd.setText(self.str2) self.flag = '1' self.calFlag = '2' def func_buttonMul(self): lcd.setText(self.str2) self.flag = '1' self.calFlag = '3' def func_buttonChu(self): lcd.setText(self.str2) self.flag = '1' self.calFlag = '4' def func_buttonEqual(self): #字符串先转换为数字，计算结果后再转换为字符串 if self.calFlag == '1': num = str(int(self.str1) + int(self.str2)) elif self.calFlag == '2': num = str(int(self.str1) - int(self.str2)) elif self.calFlag == '3': num = str(int(self.str1) * int(self.str2)) elif self.calFlag == '4': num = str(int(self.str1) / int(self.str2)) else: self.calFlag = '0' lcd.setText(num) def func_buttonClear(self): self.str1 = '' self.str2 = '' lcd.setText('') self.flag = '0' if __name__ == "__main__": app = QApplication(sys.argv) myapp = UI_form() myapp.show() sys.exit(app.exec_())
5.类的封装【简版】
类的封装【简版】
6、处理json中的数据
#json string: import json s = json.loads('{"name":"test", "type":{"name":"seq", "parameter":["1", "2"]}}') print (s.keys()) print (s["name"]) print (s["type"]["name"]) print (s["type"]["parameter"][1])
