20 Grammar Rules 20 条语法规则

https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/rules.php

Here are 20 simple rules and tips to help you avoid mistakes in English grammar. For more comprehensive rules please look under the appropriate topic (part of speech etc) on our grammar and other pages.
这里有 20 个简单的规则和提示，可帮助您避免英语语法错误。有关更全面的规则，请查看我们的语法和其他页面上的相应主题（词性等）。

1. A sentence starts with a capital letter and ends with a period/full stop, a question mark or an exclamation mark. see Punctuation
1. 句子以大写字母开头，以句号/句号、问号或感叹号结尾。参见标点符号

The fat cat sat on the mat.
那只肥猫坐在垫子上。
Where do you live?
你住在这里吗？
My dog is very clever!
My dog 很聪明！

2. The order of a basic positive sentence is Subject-Verb-Object. (Negative and question sentences may have a different order.)
2. 基本肯定句的顺序是主语-动词-宾语。（否定句和疑问句的顺序可能不同。

John loves Mary 约翰爱马利亚.
They were driving their car to Bangkok.
他们开车去曼谷。

3. Every sentence must have a subject and a verb. An object is optional. Note that an imperative sentence may have a verb only, but the subject is understood.
3. 每个句子都必须有一个主语和一个动词。对象是可选的。请注意，祈使句可能只有一个动词，但主语是可以理解的。

John teaches John 教导.
John teaches English.
John 教英语。
Stop! (i.e. You stop!)
停！（即你停下来！

4. The subject and verb must agree in number. A singular subject needs a singular verb; and a plural subject needs a plural verb.
4. 主语和动词必须在数量上一致。单数主语需要一个单数动词;复数主语需要一个复数动词。

John works in London.
John 在伦敦工作。
That monk eats once a day.
那个和尚一天吃一次。
John and Mary work in London.
John 和 Mary 在伦敦工作。
Most people eat three meals a day.
大多数人一日三餐。

5. When two singular subjects are connected by or, use a singular verb. The same is true for either/or and neither/nor.
5. 当两个单数主语由 or 连接时，使用单数动词。对于非此即彼/或和非两者/非也是如此。

John or Mary is coming tonight.
John or Mary 今晚要来。
Either coffee or tea is fine.
咖啡或茶都可以。
Neither John nor Mary was late.
约翰和玛丽都没有迟到。

6. Adjectives usually come before a noun (except when a verb separates the adjective from the noun).
6. 形容词通常出现在名词之前（除非动词将形容词与名词分开）。

I have a big dog.
我有一只大狗。
She married a handsome Italian man.
她嫁给了一个英俊的意大利男人。
(Her husband is rich.)
（她的丈夫很有钱。

7. When using two or more adjectives together, the usual order is opinion-adjective + fact-adjective + noun. (There are some additional rules for the order of fact adjectives.)
7. 当两个或多个形容词一起使用时，通常的顺序是意见-形容词 + 事实-形容词 + 名词。（事实形容词的顺序还有一些额外的规则。

I saw a nice French table.
我看到了一张漂亮的法式桌子。
That was an interesting Shakespearian play.
那是一出有趣的莎士比亚戏剧。

8. Treat collective nouns (e.g. committee, company, board of directors) as singular OR plural. In BrE a collective noun is usually treated as plural, needing a plural verb and pronoun. In AmE a collective noun is often treated as singular, needing a singular verb and pronoun.
8. 将集体名词（例如 committee， company， board of directors）视为单数或复数。在 BrE 中，集体名词通常被视为复数，需要复数动词和代词。在 AmE 中，集体名词通常被视为单数，需要一个单数动词和代词。

The committee are having sandwiches for lunch. Then they will go to London. (typically BrE)
委员会午餐吃三明治。然后他们将去伦敦。（通常为 BrE）
The BBC have changed their logo. (typically BrE)
BBC 已经更改了他们的标志。（通常为 BrE）
My family likes going to the zoo. (typically AmE)
我的家人喜欢去动物园。（通常为 AmE）
CNN has changed its logo. (typically AmE)
CNN 更改了其徽标。（通常为 AmE）

9. The words its and it's are two different words with different meanings.
9. its 和 it's 这两个词是两个不同的词，具有不同的含义。

The dog has hurt its leg.
狗的腿受伤了。
He says it's two o'clock.
他说现在是两点钟。

10. The words your and you're are two different words with different meanings.
10. 你的和你是两个不同的词，含义不同。

Here is your coffee.
这是你的咖啡。
You're looking good.
你看起来不错。

11. The words there, their and they're are three different words with different meanings.
11. 那里的词，他们的和他们是三个不同的词，具有不同的含义。

There was nobody at the party.
派对上没有人。
I saw their new car.
我看到了他们的新车。
Do you think they're happy?
你觉得他们开心吗？

12. The contraction he's can mean he is OR he has. Similarly, she's can mean she is OR she has, and it's can mean it is OR it has, and John's can mean John is OR John has.
12. 他的收缩可能意味着他是 OR He Have。同样，she's 可以表示她是 OR she has，也可以是 OR it has，John's 可以表示 John 是 OR John has。

He is working
他在工作
He has finished.
他已经完成了。
She is here. 她在这里。
She has left. 她已经离开了。
John is married.
约翰已婚。
John has divorced his wife.
约翰已经与他的妻子离婚了。

13. The contraction he'd can mean he had OR he would. Similarly, they'd can mean they had OR they would.
13. 他会的缩写可能意味着他有或他会。同样，他们可能意味着他们有 OR 他们会。

He had eaten when I arrived.
我到的时候他已经吃了。
He would eat more if possible.
如果可能的话，他会吃得更多。
They had already finished.
他们已经完成了。
They would come if they could.
如果可以的话，他们会来的。

14. Spell a proper noun with an initial capital letter. A proper noun is a "name" of something, for example Josef, Mary, Russia, China, British Broadcasting Corporation, English.
14. 用首字母大写拼写专有名词。专有名词是某物的“名称”，例如 Josef、Mary、Russia、China、British Broadcasting Corporation、English。

We have written to Mary.
我们已经写信给玛丽。
Is China in Asia?
中国在亚洲吗？
Do you speak English?
您会说英语吗？

15. Spell proper adjectives with an initial capital letter. Proper adjectives are made from proper nouns, for example Germany → German, Orwell → Orwellian, Machiavelli → Machiavellian.
15. 用首字母大写拼写合适的形容词。专有名词由专有名词组成，例如德国→德语、奥威尔→奥威尔、马基雅维利→马基雅维利。

London is an English town.
伦敦是一个英国小镇。
Who is the Canadian prime minister?
加拿大总理是谁？
Which is your favourite Shakespearian play?
你最喜欢的莎士比亚戏剧是哪部？

16. Use the indefinite article a/an for countable nouns in general. Use the definite article the for specific countable nouns and all uncountable nouns.
16. 一般对可数名词使用不定冠词 a/an。使用定冠词 the 表示特定的可数名词和所有不可数名词。

I saw a bird and a balloon in the sky. The bird was blue and the balloon was yellow.
我在天空中看到了一只鸟和一个气球。鸟是蓝色的，气球是黄色的。
He always saves some of the money that he earns.
他总是把赚来的钱存起来。

17. Use the indefinite article a with words beginning with a consonant sound. Use the indefinite article an with words beginning with a vowel sound. see When to Say a or an
17. 使用不定冠词 a 和以辅音开头的单词。使用不定冠词 an 和以元音开头的单词。请参阅何时说出 a 或 an

a cat, a game of golf, a human endeavour, a Frenchman, a university (you-ni-ver-si-ty)
a cat， a game of golf， a human endeavor， a Frenchman， a university （u-ni-ver-si-ty）
an apple, an easy job, an interesting story, an old man, an umbrella, an honorable man (on-o-ra-ble)
一个 A人，一个 EAsy 工作，一个 Interesting 故事，一个 Old 人，一个 Umbrella，一个 Honorable man （on-o-ra-ble）

18. Use many or few with countable nouns. Use much/a lot or little for uncountable nouns. see Quantifiers
18. 将 many 或 few 与可数名词一起使用。对不可数名词使用 much/a lot 或 little。参见量词

How many dollars do you have?
你有多少美元？
How much money do you have?
你有多少钱？
There are a few cars outside.
外面有几辆车。
There is little traffic on the roads.
道路上车流量很少。

19. To show possession (who is the owner of something) use an apostrophe + s for singular owners, and s + apostrophe for plural owners.
19. 要表示占有（谁是某物的所有者），使用撇号 + s 表示单数所有者，使用 s + 撇号表示复数所有者。

The boy's dog. (one boy)
男孩的狗。（一名男孩）
The boys' dog. (two or more boys)
男孩的狗。（两个或更多男孩）

20. In general, use the active voice (Cats eat fish) in preference to the passive voice (Fish are eaten by cats).
20. 一般来说，优先使用主动语态（猫吃鱼）而不是被动语态（Fish are eaten by cats）。