中英文章11 低成本设备可以在任何地方测量空气污染

 

https://news.mit.edu/2023/low-cost-device-can-measure-air-pollution-anywhere-0316

 

Low-cost device can measure air pollution anywhere

低成本设备可以在任何地方测量空气污染

 

Open-source tool from MIT's Seneable City Lab lets people check air quality,cheaply

麻绳理工学院 Senseable City Lab 的开源工具让人们可以廉价地检查空气质量

 

Air pollution is a major public health problem: The world Health Organization has estimated that it leads to over 4 million premature  deaths worldwide annually. Still, it is not always extensively  measured. But now an MIT research team is rolling out an open-source version of low-cost, mobile pollution detector that could enable people to track air quality more widely.

空气污染是一个主要的公共卫生问题：据世界卫生组织估计，它每年导致全球超过 400 万人过早死亡。尽管如此，它并不总是被广泛测量。但现在麻省理工学院的一个研究团队正在推出一种开源版本的低成本移动污染检测器，可以让人们更广泛地跟踪空气质量。

 

 

 

The detector, cakked Fkatburn , can be made by 3D printing or by ordering inexpensive parts. The researchers have now tested and calibrated it in relation to existing state-of-the art machines, and are publicly releasing all the information about it --How to build it , use it, and interpret the data.

这种名为 Flatburn 的探测器可以通过 3D 打印或订购廉价零件来制造。研究人员现在已经根据现有最先进的机器对它进行了测试和校准，并公开发布了所有关于它的信息——如何构建它、使用它和解释数据。

 

 

"The goal is for community groups or individual citizens anywhere to be able to measure local air pollution,identify its sources,and,ideakky,create feedback loops with officials and stakeholders to create cleaner conditions,"  says Carlo Ratti , director of MIT's Senseable City Lab.

“我们的目标是让任何地方的社区团体或公民个人能够测量当地的空气污染，确定其来源，并理想地与官员和利益相关者建立反馈循环，以创造更清洁的条件，”麻省理工学院 Senseable City 主任 Carlo Ratti 说实验室。

 

 

"We've been doing several pilots around the world, and we have refined a set of prototypes, with hardware,software, and protocols,to make sure the data we collect are robust from an environmental secience point of view" , says Simone Mora, a research scientist at Senseable  City Lab and co-author of a newly  published paper detailing the scanner's testing process,The Flatburn device is part of a larger project, known as City Scanner,using mobile devices to better understand urban lift.

Simone Mora 说：“我们已经在世界各地进行了多次试点，我们已经改进了一组原型，包括硬件、软件和协议，以确保我们收集的数据从环境科学的角度来看是可靠的” ，Senseable City Lab 的研究科学家和新发表的一篇论文的合著者，该论文详细介绍了扫描仪的测试过程。 Flatburn 设备是一个名为 City Scanner 的更大项目的一部分，该项目使用移动设备更好地了解城市生活。

 

 

"Hopefully with the release of the open-source Flatburn we can get grassroots groups, as well sa communities in less developed countries, to follow our approach and build and share knowledge", says An Wang, a researcher at Senseable City Lab and another of the paper's co-authors.

“希望随着开源 Flatburn 的发布，我们可以让基层团体以及欠发达国家的社区遵循我们的方法，建立和分享知识，”Senseable City Lab 的研究员 An Wang 说，他也是另一位研究人员。该论文的共同作者。

 

 

The paper,"Leveraging Machine Learning Algorithms to Advance Low-Cost Air Sensor Calibration in Stationary and Mobile Settings", appears in the journal Atmospheric Environment.

论文“利用机器学习算法推进固定和移动环境中的低成本空气传感器校准”发表在《大气环境》杂志上。

 

 

In addition to Wang,Mora,and Ratti the study's authors are: YuKi Machida, a former research fellow at Senseable 

City Lab; Priyanka deSouza, an assistant professor of urban and regional planning at the University of Clorado at Denver; Tiffany Duhl, a researcher with the Massachusetts Department of Encironmental Protection and a Tufts University research associate at the time of the project; Neelakshi Hudda, a research assistant professor at Tifts University; John L. Durant, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Tufts University; and Fabio Duarte,principal research scientist at Senseable City Lab.

除了 Wang、Mora 和 Ratti 之外，该研究的作者还有：Yuki Machida，Senseable City Lab 的前研究员；丹佛科罗拉多大学城市与区域规划助理教授 Priyanka deSouza；蒂芙尼·杜尔 (Tiffany Duhl)，马萨诸塞州环境保护部的研究员和塔夫茨大学的助理研究员；塔夫茨大学研究助理教授 Neelakshi Hudda；约翰·L·杜兰特，塔夫茨大学土木与环境工程教授；和 Senseable City Lab 的首席研究科学家 Fabio Duarte。

 

 

The current extension of that project involved testing the devices in New York City and the Boston area, by seeing how they performed in comparison to already-working pollution detection systems. In New York,the researchers used 5 detectors to collect 1.6 milion data points over four weeks in 2021, working with state offcials to compare the results . In Boston, the team used mobile sensors, evaluating the Flatburn devices against a state-of-the-art system deployed by Tufts University along with a state agency.

该项目目前的扩展涉及测试纽约市和波士顿地区的设备，通过与已经运行的污染检测系统进行比较，了解它们的性能。在纽约，研究人员在 2021 年的四个星期内使用 5 个探测器收集了 160 万个数据点，并与州政府官员合作比较结果。在波士顿，该团队使用移动传感器，将 Flatburn 设备与塔夫茨大学和国家机构部署的最先进系统进行对比评估。

 

 

In both cases, the detectors were set up to measure cincentrations of fine particulate matter as well as nitrogen dioxide, over an area of about 10 meters. Fine particular matter refers to tiny particles often associated with burning matter,from power plants, internal combustion engines in autos and fires , and more.

在这两种情况下，探测器都被设置为测量大约 10 米范围内的细颗粒物和二氧化氮的浓度。细颗粒物是指通常与燃烧物质相关的微小颗粒，来自发电厂、汽车内燃机和火灾等。

 

 

The research team found that the mobile detectors estimated somewhat lower concentrations of fine particulate matter than the devices already in use, but with a strong enough correlation so that,with adjustments for weather conditions and other factors,the Flatburn devices can produce reliable results

研究小组发现，移动探测器估计的细颗粒物浓度比已经使用的设备低一些，但具有足够强的相关性，因此，在根据天气条件和其他因素进行调整后，Flatburn 设备可以产生可靠的结果。

 

 

 

"After following their deployment for a few months we can confidently say our low-cost monitors should behave the same way [as standard detectors], " Wang says. "We have a big vision,but we still have to make sure the data we collect is valid and can be used for regulatory and policy purposes"

“在部署了几个月之后，我们可以自信地说，我们的低成本监视器的行为方式应该与 [与标准检测器] 相同，”Wang 说。 “我们有一个远大的愿景，但我们仍然必须确保我们收集的数据是有效的，并且可以用于监管和政策目的，”

 

Duarte adds: “If you follow these procedures with low-cost sensors you can still acquire good enough data to go back to [environmental] agencies with it, and say, ‘Let’s talk.’”
Duarte 补充道：“如果您使用低成本传感器遵循这些程序，您仍然可以获得足够好的数据，可以将其返回给 [环境] 机构，然后说，‘让我们谈谈吧。’”

 

The researchers did find that using the units in a mobile setting — on top of automobiles — means they will currently have an operating life of six months. They also identified a series of potential issues that people will have to deal with when using the Flatburn detectors generally. These include what the research team calls “drift,” the gradual changing of the detector’s readings over time, as well as “aging,” the more fundamental deterioration in a unit’s physical condition.
研究人员确实发现，在汽车顶部的移动环境中使用这些装置意味着它们目前的使用寿命为六个月。他们还确定了人们在通常使用 Flatburn 探测器时必须处理的一系列潜在问题。其中包括研究团队所说的“漂移”，即探测器读数随时间的逐渐变化，以及“老化”，即单位物理状况更根本的恶化。

 

Still, the researchers believe the units will function well, and they are providing complete instructions in their release of Flatburn as an open-source tool. That even includes guidance for working with officials, communities, and stakeholders to process the results and attempt to shape action.
尽管如此，研究人员仍然相信这些装置会运行良好，并且他们在将 Flatburn 作为开源工具发布时提供了完整的说明。这甚至包括与官员、社区和利益相关者合作处理结果并尝试制定行动的指南。

 

“It’s very important to engage with communities, to allow them to reflect on sources of pollution,” says Mora. 
“与社区接触非常重要，让他们反思污染源，”莫拉说。

 

“The original idea of the project was to democratize environmental data, and that’s still the goal,” Duarte adds. “We want people to have the skills to analyze the data and engage with communities and officials.”
“该项目的最初想法是使环境数据民主化，这仍然是目标，”Duarte 补充道。 “我们希望人们具备分析数据并与社区和官员互动的技能。”