python装饰器
本章内容:
一:函数调用顺序
二:高阶函数
三:内嵌函数和变量作用域
四:闭包
五:内嵌函数+高阶函数+闭包=》装饰器
六:装饰器应用案例
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函数式编程复习:
def map_test(func,array): array_new=[] for i in array: array_new.append(func(i)) return array_new print map_test(lambda x:x**2,range(10)) print map(lambda x:x**2,range(10)) def odd(num): return num % 2 def filter_test(func,array): array_new=[] for i in array: if func(i): array_new.append(i) return array_new print filter_test(odd,range(10)) print filter(odd,range(10)) def reduce_test(func,array,init): l=list(array) if init is None: res=l.pop(0) else: res=init for i in l: res=func(res,i) return res print reduce_test(lambda x,y:x+y,range(100),10) print reduce(lambda x,y:x+y,range(100),10)
python装饰器
一:函数调用顺序:
其他高级语言类似,Python 不允许在函数未声明之前,对其进行引用或者调用
错误示范:
def foo(): print 'in the foo' bar() foo() 报错: in the foo Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#13>", line 1, in <module> foo() File "<pyshell#12>", line 3, in foo bar() NameError: global name 'bar' is not defined
def foo(): print 'foo' bar() foo() def bar(): print 'bar' 报错:NameError: global name 'bar' is not defined
正确示范:(注意,python为解释执行,函数foo在调用前已经声明了bar和foo,所以bar和foo无顺序之分)
def bar(): print 'in the bar' def foo(): print 'in the foo' bar() foo() def foo(): print 'in the foo' bar() def bar(): print 'in the bar' foo()
二:高阶函数
满足下列条件之一就可成函数为高阶函数
某一函数当做参数传入另一个函数中
函数的返回值包含n个函数,n>0
高阶函数示范:
def bar(): print 'in the bar' def foo(func): res=func() return res foo(bar)
高阶函数的牛逼之处:
def foo(func): return func print 'Function body is %s' %(foo(bar)) print 'Function name is %s' %(foo(bar).func_name) foo(bar)() #foo(bar)() 等同于bar=foo(bar)然后bar() bar=foo(bar) bar()
三:内嵌函数和变量作用域:
定义:在一个函数体内创建另外一个函数,这种函数就叫内嵌函数(基于python支持静态嵌套域)
函数嵌套示范:
def foo(): def bar(): print 'in the bar' bar() foo() # bar()
局部作用域和全局作用域的访问顺序
x=0 def grandpa(): # x=1 def dad(): x=2 def son(): x=3 print x son() dad() grandpa()
局部变量修改对全局变量的影响
y=10 # def test(): # y+=1 # print y def test(): # global y y=2 print y test() print y def dad(): m=1 def son(): n=2 print '--->',m + n print '-->',m son() dad()
四:闭包:
如果在一个内部函数里,对在外部作用域(但不是在全局作用域)的变量进行引用,那么内部函数就被认为是 closure
def counter(start_num=0): count=[start_num] def incr(): count[0]+=1 return count[0] return incr print counter() print counter()() print counter()() c=counter() print c() print c()
五:内嵌函数+高阶函数+闭包=》装饰器
预热两个范例:
范例一:函数参数固定
def decorartor(func): def wrapper(n): print 'starting' func(n) print 'stopping' return wrapper def test(n): print 'in the test arg is %s' %n decorartor(test)('alex')
范例二:函数参数不固定
def decorartor(func): def wrapper(*args,**kwargs): print 'starting' func(*args,**kwargs) print 'stopping' return wrapper def test(n,x=1): print 'in the test arg is %s' %n decorartor(test)('alex',x=2)
1、无参装饰器
import time def decorator(func): def wrapper(*args,**kwargs): start=time.time() func(*args,**kwargs) stop=time.time() print 'run time is %s ' %(stop-start) print timeout return wrapper @decorator def test(list_test): for i in list_test: time.sleep(0.1) print '-'*20,i #decorator(test)(range(10)) test(range(10))
2、有参装饰器
import time def timer(timeout=0): def decorator(func): def wrapper(*args,**kwargs): start=time.time() func(*args,**kwargs) stop=time.time() print 'run time is %s ' %(stop-start) print timeout return wrapper return decorator @timer(2) def test(list_test): for i in list_test: time.sleep(0.1) print '-'*20,i #timer(timeout=10)(test)(range(10)) test(range(10))
六:装饰器应用案例:
装饰器功能:函数超时则终止
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- from threading import Thread import time class TimeoutException(Exception): pass ThreadStop = Thread._Thread__stop#获取私有函数 def timelimited(timeout): def decorator(function): def decorator2(*args,**kwargs): class TimeLimited(Thread): def __init__(self,_error= None,): Thread.__init__(self) self._error = _error def run(self): try: self.result = function(*args,**kwargs) except Exception,e: self._error =e def _stop(self): if self.isAlive(): ThreadStop(self) t = TimeLimited() t.start() t.join(timeout) if isinstance(t._error,TimeoutException): t._stop() raise TimeoutException('timeout for %s' % (repr(function))) if t.isAlive(): t._stop() raise TimeoutException('timeout for %s' % (repr(function))) if t._error is None: return t.result return decorator2 return decorator @timelimited(2) def fn_1(secs): time.sleep(secs) return 'Finished' if __name__ == "__main__": print fn_1(4)