先上一个比较简单的单继承语法。在python3中,基类的构造函数不会被自动调用,需要手动调用,同样的方法也是这样,需要手动调用。可以使用类名称+init方法,也可以使用super语法进行调用。在下面这个例子中,子类继承了基类的方法和字段。字段会在基类中初始化。

 

class BaseClass:    
    def __init__(self):
        self.name = 'BaseClass'
        print('BaseCalss: Constructor called')
    def getname(self):
        print('BaseCalss: self name equals ' + self.name)
 
class DerivedClass(BaseClass):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        print('DerivedClass: Constructor called')
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    class1 = BaseClass()
    class1.getname()
    
    class2 = DerivedClass()
    class2.getname()

运行结果:

BaseCalss: Constructor called
BaseCalss: self name equals BaseClass
BaseCalss: Constructor called
DerivedClass: Constructor called
BaseCalss: self name equals BaseClass

 

子类也可以overwrite父类的方法,那么父类的方法就不会被调用,除非手动调用:

class BaseClass:    
    def __init__(self):
        self.name = 'BaseClass'
        print('BaseCalss: Constructor called')
    def getname(self):
        print('BaseCalss: self name equals ' + self.name)
 
class DerivedClass(BaseClass):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        print('DerivedClass: Constructor called')
    def getname(self):
        print('self.name init value is ' + self.name)
        self.name = 'DerivedClass'
        print('DerivedClass: self name equals ' + self.name)
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    class1 = BaseClass()
    class1.getname()
    
    class2 = DerivedClass()
    class2.getname()

 

运行结果:

BaseCalss: Constructor called
BaseCalss: self name equals BaseClass
BaseCalss: Constructor called
DerivedClass: Constructor called
self.name init value is BaseClass
DerivedClass: self name equals DerivedClass

 

python不仅仅支持单继承,还支持多继承,字段和方法都可以被继承。在多继承super()只能代表继承的第一个父类,所以您在子类的构造函数中,不能单独使用super().__init__(), 那只是表示调用其中一个基类的构造函数。所以用super就不是那么好用了。还是要用会原来的类名+init方法来调用。

class BaseClass1:
    def __init__(self):
        self.name1 = 'BaseClass1_Name1'
        self.name = 'BaseClass1_Name'
        print('BaseCalss1: Constructor called')
    def getname1(self):
        print('BaseCalss1: self name1 equals ' + self.name1)
    def getname(self):
        print('BaseCalss1: getname called, name equal ' + self.name)
 
class BaseClass2:
    def __init__(self):
        self.name2 = 'BaseClass2_Name2'
        self.name = 'BaseClass2_Name'
        print('BaseClass2: Constructor called')
    def getname2(self):
        print('BaseClass2: self name2 equals ' + self.name2)
    def getname(self):
        print('BaseCalss2: getname called, name equal ' + self.name)
 
class DerivedClass2(BaseClass1, BaseClass2):
    def __init__(self):
        BaseClass1.__init__(self)
        BaseClass2.__init__(self)
        print('DerivedClass: Constructor called')
        
if __name__ == '__main__':
    class1 = BaseClass1()
    class1.getname1()
    
    class2 = BaseClass2()
    class2.getname2()
    
    class3 = DerivedClass2()
    class3.getname1()
    class3.getname2()
    class3.getname()

运行结果:

BaseCalss1: Constructor called
BaseCalss1: self name1 equals BaseClass1_Name1
BaseClass2: Constructor called
BaseClass2: self name2 equals BaseClass2_Name2
BaseCalss1: Constructor called
BaseClass2: Constructor called
DerivedClass: Constructor called
BaseCalss1: self name1 equals BaseClass1_Name1
BaseClass2: self name2 equals BaseClass2_Name2
BaseCalss1: getname called, name equal BaseClass2_Name

 

我们可以看到,当两个基类有方法重名的时候,python3会按照您继承类的从左到右的顺序查找您调用的方法DerivedClass2(BaseClass1, BaseClass2)。在这个例子中,是先找BaseClass1,然后再找BaseClass2。

如果您的代码需要多层继承的话,可以参开多重继承的 Diamond Problem 问题。

class A1:
    def foo1(self):
        print("Call A1's foo1")
class A2:
    def foo1(self):
        print("Call A2's foo1")
    def foo2(self):
        print("Call A2's foo2")
 
class B1(A1,A2):
    pass
class B2(A1,A2):
    def foo2(self):
        print("Call B2's foo2")
        
class C(B1,B2):
    pass
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    
    class1 = C()
    class1.foo1()
    class1.foo2()

 

运行结果:

Call A1's foo1
Call B2's foo2

所以对于python3 的多层继承来说,因为都是新式类,总是从左到右,广度优先的方式进行。

 

本例子代码可以从这里下载。

posted on 2013-01-04 20:27  nick hao  阅读(5976)  评论(3编辑  收藏  举报