[Cocoa]深入浅出 Cocoa 之 Core Data(2)- 手动编写代码
深入浅出 Cocoa 之 Core Data(2)- 代码示例
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前面详细讲解了 Core Data 的框架以及设计的类,下面我们来讲解一个完全手动编写代码使用这些类的示例,这个例子来自苹果官方示例。在这个例子里面,我们打算做这样一件事情:记录程序运行记录(时间与 process id),并保存到xml文件中。我们使用 Core Data 来做这个事情。
示例代码下载:点击这里
一,建立一个新的 Mac command-line tool application 工程,命名为 CoreDataTutorial。为支持垃圾主动回收机制,点击项目名称,在右边的 Build Setting 中查找 garbage 关键字,将找到的 Objective-C Garbage Collection 设置为 Required [-fobj-gc-only]。并将 main.m 中 的 main() 方法修改为如下:
- int main (int argc, const char * argv[])
- {
- NSLog(@" === Core Data Tutorial ===");
- // Enable GC
- //
- objc_startCollectorThread();
- return 0;
- }
二,创建并设置模型类
在 main() 之前添加如下方法:
- NSManagedObjectModel *managedObjectModel()
- {
- static NSManagedObjectModel *moModel = nil;
- if (moModel != nil) {
- return moModel;
- }
- moModel = [[NSManagedObjectModel alloc] init];
- // Create the entity
- //
- NSEntityDescription *runEntity = [[NSEntityDescription alloc] init];
- [runEntity setName:@"Run"];
- [runEntity setManagedObjectClassName:@"Run"];
- [moModel setEntities:[NSArray arrayWithObject:runEntity]];
- // Add the Attributes
- //
- NSAttributeDescription *dateAttribute = [[NSAttributeDescription alloc] init];
- [dateAttribute setName:@"date"];
- [dateAttribute setAttributeType:NSDateAttributeType];
- [dateAttribute setOptional:NO];
- NSAttributeDescription *idAttribute = [[NSAttributeDescription alloc] init];
- [idAttribute setName:@"processID"];
- [idAttribute setAttributeType:NSInteger32AttributeType];
- [idAttribute setOptional:NO];
- [idAttribute setDefaultValue:[NSNumber numberWithInteger:-1]];
- // Create the validation predicate for the process ID.
- // The following code is equivalent to validationPredicate = [NSPredicate predicateWithFormat:@"SELF > 0"]
- //
- NSExpression *lhs = [NSExpression expressionForEvaluatedObject];
- NSExpression *rhs = [NSExpression expressionForConstantValue:[NSNumber numberWithInteger:0]];
- NSPredicate *validationPredicate = [NSComparisonPredicate
- predicateWithLeftExpression:lhs
- rightExpression:rhs
- modifier:NSDirectPredicateModifier
- type:NSGreaterThanPredicateOperatorType
- options:0];
- NSString *validationWarning = @"Process ID < 1";
- [idAttribute setValidationPredicates:[NSArray arrayWithObject:validationPredicate]
- withValidationWarnings:[NSArray arrayWithObject:validationWarning]];
- // set the properties for the entity.
- //
- NSArray *properties = [NSArray arrayWithObjects: dateAttribute, idAttribute, nil];
- [runEntity setProperties:properties];
- // Add a Localization Dictionary
- //
- NSMutableDictionary *localizationDictionary = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary];
- [localizationDictionary setObject:@"Date" forKey:@"Property/date/Entity/Run"];
- [localizationDictionary setObject:@"Process ID" forKey:@"Property/processID/Entity/Run"];
- [localizationDictionary setObject:@"Process ID must not be less than 1" forKey:@"ErrorString/Process ID < 1"];
- [moModel setLocalizationDictionary:localizationDictionary];
- return moModel;
- }
在上面的代码中:
1)我们创建了一个全局模型 moModel;
2)并在其中创建一个名为 Run 的 Entity,这个 Entity 对应的 ManagedObject 类名为 Run(很快我们将创建这样一个类);
3)给 Run Entity 添加了两个必须的 Property:date 和 processID,分别表示运行时间以及进程 ID;并设置默认的进程 ID 为 -1;
4)给 processID 特性设置检验条件:必须大于 0;
5)给模型设置本地化描述词典;
本地化描述提供对 Entity,Property,Error信息等的便于理解的描述,其可用的键值对如下表:
Key |
Value |
|
"Entity/NonLocalizedEntityName" |
"LocalizedEntityName" |
|
"Property/NonLocalizedPropertyName/Entity/EntityName" |
"LocalizedPropertyName" |
|
"Property/NonLocalizedPropertyName" |
"LocalizedPropertyName" |
|
"ErrorString/NonLocalizedErrorString" |
"LocalizedErrorString" |
|
三,创建并设置运行时类和对象
由于要用到存储功能,所以我们必须定义持久化数据的存储路径。我们在 main() 之前添加如下方法设置存储路径:
- NSURL *applicationLogDirectory()
- {
- NSString *LOG_DIRECTORY = @"CoreDataTutorial";
- static NSURL *ald = nil;
- if (ald == nil)
- {
- NSFileManager *fileManager = [[NSFileManager alloc] init];
- NSError *error = nil;
- NSURL *libraryURL = [fileManager URLForDirectory:NSLibraryDirectory inDomain:NSUserDomainMask
- appropriateForURL:nil create:YES error:&error];
- if (libraryURL == nil) {
- NSLog(@"Could not access Library directory\n%@", [error localizedDescription]);
- }
- else
- {
- ald = [libraryURL URLByAppendingPathComponent:@"Logs"];
- ald = [ald URLByAppendingPathComponent:LOG_DIRECTORY];
- NSLog(@" >> log path %@", [ald path]);
- NSDictionary *properties = [ald resourceValuesForKeys:[NSArray arrayWithObject:NSURLIsDirectoryKey] error:&error];
- if (properties == nil)
- {
- if (![fileManager createDirectoryAtPath:[ald path] withIntermediateDirectories:YES attributes:nil error:&error])
- {
- NSLog(@"Could not create directory %@\n%@",
- [ald path], [error localizedDescription]);
- ald = nil;
- }
- }
- }
- }
- return ald;
- }
在上面的代码中,我们将持久化数据文件保存到路径:/Users/kesalin/Library/Logs/CoreDataTutorial 下。
下面,我们来创建运行时对象:ManagedObjectContext 和 PersistentStoreCoordinator。
- NSManagedObjectContext *managedObjectContext()
- {
- static NSManagedObjectContext *moContext = nil;
- if (moContext != nil) {
- return moContext;
- }
- moContext = [[NSManagedObjectContext alloc] init];
- // Create a persistent store coordinator, then set the coordinator for the context.
- //
- NSManagedObjectModel *moModel = managedObjectModel();
- NSPersistentStoreCoordinator *coordinator = [[NSPersistentStoreCoordinator alloc] initWithManagedObjectModel:moModel];
- [moContext setPersistentStoreCoordinator: coordinator];
- // Create a new persistent store of the appropriate type.
- //
- NSString *STORE_TYPE = NSXMLStoreType;
- NSString *STORE_FILENAME = @"CoreDataTutorial.xml";
- NSError *error = nil;
- NSURL *url = [applicationLogDirectory() URLByAppendingPathComponent:STORE_FILENAME];
- NSPersistentStore *newStore = [coordinator addPersistentStoreWithType:STORE_TYPE
- configuration:nil
- URL:url
- options:nil
- error:&error];
- if (newStore == nil) {
- NSLog(@"Store Configuration Failure\n%@", ([error localizedDescription] != nil) ? [error localizedDescription] : @"Unknown Error");
- }
- return moContext;
- }
在上面的代码中:
1)我们创建了一个全局 ManagedObjectContext 对象 moContext;
2)并在设置其 persistent store coordinator,存储类型为 xml,保存文件名为:CoreDataTutorial.xml,并将其放到前面定义的存储路径下。
好,至此万事具备,只欠 ManagedObject 了!下面我们就来定义这个数据对象类。向工程添加 Core Data->NSManagedObject subclass 的类,名为 Run (模型中 Entity 定义的类名) 。
Run.h
- #import <CoreData/NSManagedObject.h>
- @interface Run : NSManagedObject
- {
- NSInteger processID;
- }
- @property (retain) NSDate *date;
- @property (retain) NSDate *primitiveDate;
- @property NSInteger processID;
- @end
Run.m
- //
- // Run.m
- // CoreDataTutorial
- //
- // Created by kesalin on 8/29/11.
- // Copyright 2011 kesalin@gmail.com. All rights reserved.
- //
- #import "Run.h"
- @implementation Run
- @dynamic date;
- @dynamic primitiveDate;
- - (void) awakeFromInsert
- {
- [super awakeFromInsert];
- self.primitiveDate = [NSDate date];
- }
- #pragma mark -
- #pragma mark Getter and setter
- - (NSInteger)processID
- {
- [self willAccessValueForKey:@"processID"];
- NSInteger pid = processID;
- [self didAccessValueForKey:@"processID"];
- return pid;
- }
- - (void)setProcessID:(NSInteger)newProcessID
- {
- [self willChangeValueForKey:@"processID"];
- processID = newProcessID;
- [self didChangeValueForKey:@"processID"];
- }
- // Implement a setNilValueForKey: method. If the key is “processID” then set processID to 0.
- //
- - (void)setNilValueForKey:(NSString *)key {
- if ([key isEqualToString:@"processID"]) {
- self.processID = 0;
- }
- else {
- [super setNilValueForKey:key];
- }
- }
- @end
注意:
1)这个类中的 date 和 primitiveDate 的访问属性为 @dynamic,这表明在运行期会动态生成对应的 setter 和 getter;
2)在这里我们演示了如何正确地手动实现 processID 的 setter 和 getter:为了让 ManagedObjecContext 能够检测 processID的变化,以及自动支持 undo/redo,我们需要在访问和更改数据对象时告之系统,will/didAccessValueForKey 以及 will/didChangeValueForKey 就是起这个作用的。
3)当我们设置 nil 给数据对象 processID 时,我们可以在 setNilValueForKey 捕获这个情况,并将 processID 置 0;
4)当数据对象被插入到 ManagedObjectContext 时,我们在 awakeFromInsert 将时间设置为当前时间。
三,创建或读取数据对象,设置其值,保存
好,至此真正的万事具备,我们可以创建或从持久化文件中读取数据对象,设置其值,并将其保存到持久化文件中。本例中持久化文件为 xml 文件。修改 main() 中代码如下:
- int main (int argc, const char * argv[])
- {
- NSLog(@" === Core Data Tutorial ===");
- // Enable GC
- //
- objc_startCollectorThread();
- NSError *error = nil;
- NSManagedObjectModel *moModel = managedObjectModel();
- NSLog(@"The managed object model is defined as follows:\n%@", moModel);
- if (applicationLogDirectory() == nil) {
- exit(1);
- }
- NSManagedObjectContext *moContext = managedObjectContext();
- // Create an Instance of the Run Entity
- //
- NSEntityDescription *runEntity = [[moModel entitiesByName] objectForKey:@"Run"];
- Run *run = [[Run alloc] initWithEntity:runEntity insertIntoManagedObjectContext:moContext];
- NSProcessInfo *processInfo = [NSProcessInfo processInfo];
- run.processID = [processInfo processIdentifier];
- if (![moContext save: &error]) {
- NSLog(@"Error while saving\n%@", ([error localizedDescription] != nil) ? [error localizedDescription] : @"Unknown Error");
- exit(1);
- }
- // Fetching Run Objects
- //
- NSFetchRequest *request = [[NSFetchRequest alloc] init];
- [request setEntity:runEntity];
- NSSortDescriptor *sortDescriptor = [[NSSortDescriptor alloc] initWithKey:@"date" ascending:YES];
- [request setSortDescriptors:[NSArray arrayWithObject:sortDescriptor]];
- error = nil;
- NSArray *array = [moContext executeFetchRequest:request error:&error];
- if ((error != nil) || (array == nil))
- {
- NSLog(@"Error while fetching\n%@", ([error localizedDescription] != nil) ? [error localizedDescription] : @"Unknown Error");
- exit(1);
- }
- // Display the Results
- //
- NSDateFormatter *formatter = [[NSDateFormatter alloc] init];
- [formatter setDateStyle:NSDateFormatterMediumStyle];
- [formatter setTimeStyle:NSDateFormatterMediumStyle];
- NSLog(@"%@ run history:", [processInfo processName]);
- for (run in array)
- {
- NSLog(@"On %@ as process ID %ld", [formatter stringForObjectValue:run.date], run.processID);
- }
- return 0;
- }
在上面的代码中:
1)我们先获得全局的 NSManagedObjectModel 和 NSManagedObjectContext 对象:moModel 和 moContext;
2)并创建一个Run Entity,设置其 Property processID 为当前进程的 ID;
3)将该数据对象保存到持久化文件中:[moContext save: &error]。我们无需与 PersistentStoreCoordinator 打交道,只需要给 ManagedObjectContext 发送 save 消息即可,NSManagedObjectContext 会透明地在后面处理对持久化数据文件的读写;
4)然后我们创建一个 FetchRequest 来查询持久化数据文件中保存的数据记录,并将结果按照日期升序排列。查询操作也是由 ManagedObjectContext 来处理的:[moContext executeFetchRequest:request error:&error];
5)将查询结果打印输出;
大功告成!编译运行,我们可以得到如下显示:
- 2011-09-03 21:42:47.556 CoreDataTutorial[992:903] CoreDataTutorial run history:
- 2011-09-03 21:42:47.557 CoreDataTutorial[992:903] On 2011-9-3 下午09:41:56 as process ID 940
- 2011-09-03 21:42:47.557 CoreDataTutorial[992:903] On 2011-9-3 下午09:42:16 as process ID 955
- 2011-09-03 21:42:47.558 CoreDataTutorial[992:903] On 2011-9-3 下午09:42:20 as process ID 965
- 2011-09-03 21:42:47.558 CoreDataTutorial[992:903] On 2011-9-3 下午09:42:24 as process ID 978
- 2011-09-03 21:42:47.559 CoreDataTutorial[992:903] On 2011-9-3 下午09:42:47 as process ID 992
通过这个例子,我们可以更好理解 Core Data 的运作机制。在 Core Data 中我们最常用的就是 ManagedObjectContext,它几乎参与对数据对象的所有操作,包括对 undo/redo 的支持;而 Entity 对应的运行时类为 ManagedObject,我们可以理解为抽象数据结构 Entity 在内存中由 ManagedObject 来体现,而 Perproty 数据类型在内存中则由 ManagedObject 类的成员属性来体现。一般我们不需要与 PersistentStoreCoordinator 打交道,对数据文件的读写操作都由 ManagedObjectContext 为我们代劳了。