直接利用函数创建多线程
Python中使用线程有两种方式:函数或者用类来包装线程对象。
函数式:调用thread模块中的start_new_thread()函数来产生新线程。语法如下:
<span class="s1">thread</span><span class="s2">.</span><span class="s1">start_new_thread </span><span class="s2">(</span> <span class="s3">function</span><span class="s2">,</span><span class="s1"> args</span><span class="s2">[,</span><span class="s1"> kwargs</span><span class="s2">]</span> <span class="s2">)</span>
参数说明:
- function – 线程函数。
- args – 传递给线程函数的参数,他必须是个tuple类型。
- kwargs – 可选参数。
先用一个实例感受一下:
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*- import thread import time # 为线程定义一个函数 def print_time(threadName, delay): count = 0 while count < 5: time.sleep(delay) count += 1 print "%s: %s" % (threadName, time.ctime(time.time())) # 创建两个线程 try: thread.start_new_thread(print_time, ("Thread-1", 2,)) thread.start_new_thread(print_time, ("Thread-2", 4,)) except: print "Error: unable to start thread" while 1: pass print "Main Finished"
运行结果如下:
Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 16:43:01 2016 Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 16:43:03 2016 Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 16:43:03 2016 Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 16:43:05 2016 Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 16:43:07 2016 Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 16:43:07 2016 Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 16:43:09 2016 Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 16:43:11 2016 Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 16:43:15 2016 Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 16:43:19 2016
可以发现,两个线程都在执行,睡眠2秒和4秒后打印输出一段话。
注意到,在主线程写了
while 1: pass
这是让主线程一直在等待
如果去掉上面两行,那就直接输出
Main Finished
程序执行结束。
使用Threading模块创建线程
使用Threading模块创建线程,直接从threading.Thread继承,然后重写init方法和run方法:
#!/usr/bin/python # -*- coding: UTF-8 -*- import threading import time import thread exitFlag = 0 class myThread (threading.Thread): #继承父类threading.Thread def __init__(self, threadID, name, counter): threading.Thread.__init__(self) self.threadID = threadID self.name = name self.counter = counter def run(self): #把要执行的代码写到run函数里面 线程在创建后会直接运行run函数 print "Starting " + self.name print_time(self.name, self.counter, 5) print "Exiting " + self.name def print_time(threadName, delay, counter): while counter: if exitFlag: thread.exit() time.sleep(delay) print "%s: %s" % (threadName, time.ctime(time.time())) counter -= 1 # 创建新线程 thread1 = myThread(1, "Thread-1", 1) thread2 = myThread(2, "Thread-2", 2) # 开启线程 thread1.start() thread2.start() print "Exiting Main Thread"
运行结果:
Starting Thread-1Starting Thread-2 Exiting Main Thread Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 18:42:19 2016 Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 18:42:20 2016 Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 18:42:20 2016 Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 18:42:21 2016 Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 18:42:22 2016 Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 18:42:22 2016 Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 18:42:23 2016 Exiting Thread-1 Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 18:42:24 2016 Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 18:42:26 2016 Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 18:42:28 2016 Exiting Thread-2
有没有发现什么奇怪的地方?打印的输出格式好奇怪。比如第一行之后应该是一个回车的,结果第二个进程就打印出来了。
那是因为什么?因为这几个线程没有设置同步。
线程同步
如果多个线程共同对某个数据修改,则可能出现不可预料的结果,为了保证数据的正确性,需要对多个线程进行同步。
使用Thread对象的Lock和Rlock可以实现简单的线程同步,这两个对象都有acquire方法和release方法,对于那些需要每次只允许一个线程操作的数据,可以将其操作放到acquire和release方法之间。如下:
多线程的优势在于可以同时运行多个任务(至少感觉起来是这样)。但是当线程需要共享数据时,可能存在数据不同步的问题。
考虑这样一种情况:一个列表里所有元素都是0,线程”set”从后向前把所有元素改成1,而线程”print”负责从前往后读取列表并打印。
那么,可能线程”set”开始改的时候,线程”print”便来打印列表了,输出就成了一半0一半1,这就是数据的不同步。为了避免这种情况,引入了锁的概念。
锁有两种状态——锁定和未锁定。每当一个线程比如”set”要访问共享数据时,必须先获得锁定;如果已经有别的线程比如”print”获得锁定了,那么就让线程”set”暂停,也就是同步阻塞;等到线程”print”访问完毕,释放锁以后,再让线程”set”继续。
经过这样的处理,打印列表时要么全部输出0,要么全部输出1,不会再出现一半0一半1的尴尬场面。
看下面的例子:
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*- import threading import time class myThread (threading.Thread): def __init__(self, threadID, name, counter): threading.Thread.__init__(self) self.threadID = threadID self.name = name self.counter = counter def run(self): print "Starting " + self.name # 获得锁,成功获得锁定后返回True # 可选的timeout参数不填时将一直阻塞直到获得锁定 # 否则超时后将返回False threadLock.acquire() print_time(self.name, self.counter, 3) # 释放锁 threadLock.release() def print_time(threadName, delay, counter): while counter: time.sleep(delay) print "%s: %s" % (threadName, time.ctime(time.time())) counter -= 1 threadLock = threading.Lock() threads = [] # 创建新线程 thread1 = myThread(1, "Thread-1", 1) thread2 = myThread(2, "Thread-2", 2) # 开启新线程 thread1.start() thread2.start() # 添加线程到线程列表 threads.append(thread1) threads.append(thread2) # 等待所有线程完成 for t in threads: t.join() print "Exiting Main Thread"
在上面的代码中运用了线程锁还有join等待。
运行结果如下:
Starting Thread-1 Starting Thread-2 Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 18:56:49 2016 Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 18:56:50 2016 Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 18:56:51 2016 Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 18:56:53 2016 Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 18:56:55 2016 Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 18:56:57 2016 Exiting Main Thread
这样一来,你可以发现就不会出现刚才的输出混乱的结果了。
线程优先级队列
Python的Queue模块中提供了同步的、线程安全的队列类,包括FIFO(先入先出)队列Queue,LIFO(后入先出)队列LifoQueue,和优先级队列PriorityQueue。这些队列都实现了锁原语,能够在多线程中直接使用。可以使用队列来实现线程间的同步。
Queue模块中的常用方法:
- Queue.qsize() 返回队列的大小
- Queue.empty() 如果队列为空,返回True,反之False
- Queue.full() 如果队列满了,返回True,反之False
- Queue.full 与 maxsize 大小对应
- Queue.get([block[, timeout]])获取队列,timeout等待时间
- Queue.get_nowait() 相当Queue.get(False)
- Queue.put(item) 写入队列,timeout等待时间
- Queue.put_nowait(item) 相当Queue.put(item, False)
- Queue.task_done() 在完成一项工作之后,Queue.task_done()函数向任务已经完成的队列发送一个信号
- Queue.join() 实际上意味着等到队列为空,再执行别的操作
用一个实例感受一下:
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*- import Queue import threading import time exitFlag = 0 class myThread (threading.Thread): def __init__(self, threadID, name, q): threading.Thread.__init__(self) self.threadID = threadID self.name = name self.q = q def run(self): print "Starting " + self.name process_data(self.name, self.q) print "Exiting " + self.name def process_data(threadName, q): while not exitFlag: queueLock.acquire() if not workQueue.empty(): data = q.get() queueLock.release() print "%s processing %s" % (threadName, data) else: queueLock.release() time.sleep(1) threadList = ["Thread-1", "Thread-2", "Thread-3"] nameList = ["One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five"] queueLock = threading.Lock() workQueue = Queue.Queue(10) threads = [] threadID = 1 # 创建新线程 for tName in threadList: thread = myThread(threadID, tName, workQueue) thread.start() threads.append(thread) threadID += 1 # 填充队列 queueLock.acquire() for word in nameList: workQueue.put(word) queueLock.release() # 等待队列清空 while not workQueue.empty(): pass # 通知线程是时候退出 exitFlag = 1 # 等待所有线程完成 for t in threads: t.join() print "Exiting Main Thread"
运行结果:
Starting Thread-1 Starting Thread-2 Starting Thread-3 Thread-3 processing One Thread-1 processing Two Thread-2 processing Three Thread-3 processing Four Thread-2 processing Five Exiting Thread-2 Exiting Thread-3 Exiting Thread-1 Exiting Main Thread