http协议
一.请求报文:
1.http协议内容:
GET /day09/hello HTTP/1.1 -请求行 Host: localhost:8080 --请求头(多个key-value对象) User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:35.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/35.0 Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8 Accept-Language: zh-cn,en-us;q=0.8,zh;q=0.5,en;q=0.3 Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Connection: keep-alive --一个空行 name=eric&password=123456 --(可选)实体内容
响应(服务器-》浏览器) HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: Apache-Coyote/1.1 Content-Length: 24 Date: Fri, 30 Jan 2015 01:54:57 GMT this is hello servlet!!!
2.http协议版本
http1.0:当前浏览器客户端与服务器端建立连接之后,只能发送一次请求,一次请求之后连接关闭。
http1.1:当前浏览器客户端与服务器端建立连接之后,可以在一次连接中发送多次请求。(基本都使用1.1)
3.请求资源
URL: 统一资源定位符。http://localhost:8080/day09/testImg.html。只能定位互联网资源。是URI 的子集。
URI: 统一资源标记符。/day09/hello。用于标记任何资源。可以是本地文件系统,局域网的资源(//192.168.14.10/myweb/index.html), 可以是互联网。
4.请求方式
常见的请求方式: GET 、 POST、 HEAD、 TRACE、 PUT、 CONNECT 、DELETE
常用的请求方式: GET 和 POST
表单提交:
<form action="提交地址" method="GET/POST">
<form>
5.GET vs POST 区别
1)GET方式提交
a)地址栏(URI)会跟上参数数据。以?开头,多个参数之间以&分割。
GET /day09/testMethod.html?name=eric&password=123456 HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:8080 User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:35.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/35.0 Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8 Accept-Language: zh-cn,en-us;q=0.8,zh;q=0.5,en;q=0.3 Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Referer: http://localhost:8080/day09/testMethod.html Connection: keep-alive
b)GET提交参数数据有限制,不超过1KB。
c)GET方式不适合提交敏感密码。
d)注意: 浏览器直接访问的请求,默认提交方式是GET方式
2)POST方式提交
a)参数不会跟着URI后面。参数而是跟在请求的实体内容中。没有?开头,多个参数之间以&分割。
b)POST提交的参数数据没有限制。
c)POST方式提交敏感数据。
POST /day09/testMethod.html HTTP/1.1 Host: localhost:8080 User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:35.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/35.0 Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8 Accept-Language: zh-cn,en-us;q=0.8,zh;q=0.5,en;q=0.3 Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Referer: http://localhost:8080/day09/testMethod.html Connection: keep-alive name=eric&password=123456
6.请求头
Accept: text/html,image/* -- 浏览器接受的数据类型 Accept-Charset: ISO-8859-1 -- 浏览器接受的编码格式 Accept-Encoding: gzip,compress --浏览器接受的数据压缩格式 Accept-Language: en-us,zh- --浏览器接受的语言 Host: www.it315.org:80 --(必须的)当前请求访问的目标地址(主机:端口) If-Modified-Since: Tue, 11 Jul 2000 18:23:51 GMT --浏览器最后的缓存时间 Referer: http://www.it315.org/index.jsp -- 当前请求来自于哪里 User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT 5.0) --浏览器类型 Cookie:name=eric -- 浏览器保存的cookie信息 Connection: close/Keep-Alive -- 浏览器跟服务器连接状态。close: 连接关闭 keep-alive:保存连接。 Date: Tue, 11 Jul 2000 18:23:51 GMT -- 请求发出的时间
7. 实体内容
只有POST提交的参数会放到实体内容中
8.HttpServletRequest对象
HttpServletRequest对象作用是用于获取请求数据。
核心的API:
请求行:
request.getMethod(); 请求方式
request.getRequetURI() / request.getRequetURL() 请求资源
request.getProtocol() 请求http协议版本
请求头:
request.getHeader("名称") 根据请求头获取请求值
request.getHeaderNames() 获取所有的请求头名称
实体内容:
request.getInputStream() 获取实体内容数据
9.传递的请求参数如何获取
GET方式: 参数放在URI后面
POST方式: 参数放在实体内容中
获取GET方式参数:
request.getQueryString();
获取POST方式参数:
request.getInputStream();
问题:但是以上两种不通用,而且获取到的参数还需要进一步地解析。
所以可以使用统一方便的获取参数的方式:
核心的API:
request.getParameter("参数名"); 根据参数名获取参数值(注意,只能获取一个值的参数)
request.getParameterValue("参数名“);根据参数名获取参数值(可以获取多个值的参数)
request.getParameterNames(); 获取所有参数名称列表
10.请求参数编码问题
修改POST方式参数编码:
request.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
修改GET方式参数编码:
手动解码:String name = new String(name.getBytes("iso-8859-1"),"utf-8");
11.请求报文的代码练习:
package com.http.requst; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.PrintWriter; import java.util.Enumeration; import javax.servlet.ServletException; import javax.servlet.ServletInputStream; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; public class RequstExercise extends HttpServlet { /** * Constructor of the object. */ public RequstExercise() { super(); } /** * Destruction of the servlet. <br> */ public void destroy() { super.destroy(); // Just puts "destroy" string in log // Put your code here } /** * The doGet method of the servlet. <br> * * This method is called when a form has its tag value method equals to get. * * @param request the request send by the client to the server * @param response the response send by the server to the client * @throws ServletException if an error occurred * @throws IOException if an error occurred */ public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { request.setCharacterEncoding("gb2312"); // System.out.println("GET方式"); // String value = request.getQueryString(); // System.out.println(value); //t1(request); //t2(request); //--直接获取指定名称的值 /* String name = request.getParameter("user"); String pwd = request.getParameter("pwd"); System.out.println("用户名: " + name); System.out.println("密码: " + pwd); */ //访问所有的 Enumeration<String> enums = request.getParameterNames(); while(enums.hasMoreElements()){ String name = enums.nextElement(); if("GET".equals(request.getMethod())){ name = new String(name.getBytes("iso-8859-1"), "gb2312"); } //System.out.println(name + " 是: " + request.getParameter(name));//不能处理多个值 System.out.print(name + "是: "); String[] values = request.getParameterValues(name); for(String value : values){ if("GET".equals(request.getMethod())){ value = new String(value.getBytes("iso-8859-1"), "gb2312"); } System.out.print(value + "\t"); } System.out.println(); } } private void t2(HttpServletRequest request) { System.out.println("Host : " + request.getHeader("Host")); Enumeration<String> enums = request.getHeaderNames(); while(enums.hasMoreElements()){ String headerName = enums.nextElement(); System.out.println(headerName + " : " + request.getHeader(headerName)); } } private void t1(HttpServletRequest request) { System.out.println("请求方式是:" + request.getMethod()); System.out.println("HTTP版本:" + request.getProtocol()); System.out.println("URI:" + request.getRequestURI()); System.out.println("URL" + request.getRequestURL()); } /** * The doPost method of the servlet. <br> * * This method is called when a form has its tag value method equals to post. * * @param request the request send by the client to the server * @param response the response send by the server to the client * @throws ServletException if an error occurred * @throws IOException if an error occurred */ public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { // ServletInputStream in = request.getInputStream(); // byte[] buf = new byte[1024]; // int len = 0; // while( (len=in.read(buf))!=-1 ){ // String str = new String(buf, 0, len); // System.out.println(str); // } doGet(request, response); } /** * Initialization of the servlet. <br> * * @throws ServletException if an error occurs */ public void init() throws ServletException { // Put your code here } }
二.响应报文
HTTP/1.1 200 OK --响应行 Server: Apache-Coyote/1.1 --响应头(key-vaule) Content-Length: 24 Date: Fri, 30 Jan 2015 01:54:57 GMT --一个空行 this is hello servlet!!! --实体内容
1.状态码: 服务器处理请求的结果(状态)
常见的状态:
200 : 表示请求处理完成并完美返回
302: 表示请求需要进一步细化。 404: 表示客户访问的资源找不到。
500: 表示服务器的资源发送错误。(服务器内部错误)
2 常见的响应头
Location: http://www.it315.org/index.jsp -表示重定向的地址,该头和302的状态码一起使用。 Server:apache tomcat ---表示服务器的类型 Content-Encoding: gzip -- 表示服务器发送给浏览器的数据压缩类型 Content-Length: 80 --表示服务器发送给浏览器的数据长度 Content-Language: zh-cn --表示服务器支持的语言 Content-Type: text/html; charset=GB2312 --表示服务器发送给浏览器的数据类型及内容编码 Last-Modified: Tue, 11 Jul 2000 18:23:51 GMT --表示服务器资源的最后修改时间 Refresh: 1;url=http://www.it315.org --表示定时刷新 Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=aaa.zip --表示告诉浏览器以下载方式打开资源(下载文件时用到) Transfer-Encoding: chunked Set-Cookie:SS=Q0=5Lb_nQ; path=/search --表示服务器发送给浏览器的cookie信息(会话管理用到) Expires: -1 --表示通知浏览器不进行缓存 Cache-Control: no-cache Pragma: no-cache Connection: close/Keep-Alive --表示服务器和浏览器的连接状态。close:关闭连接 keep-alive:保存连接
3 HttpServletResponse对象
HttpServletResponse对象修改响应信息:
响应行:
response.setStatus() 设置状态码
响应头:
response.setHeader("name","value") 设置响应头
实体内容:
response.getWriter().writer(); 发送字符实体内容
response.getOutputStream().writer() 发送字节实体内容
4 案例- 请求重定向(Location)
5 案例- 定时刷新(refresh)
6 案例-content-Type作用
7.响应报文代码练习:
package com.http.response; import java.io.File; import java.io.FileInputStream; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.InputStreamReader; import java.io.PrintWriter; import javax.servlet.ServletException; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; public class ResponseExercise extends HttpServlet { /** * The doGet method of the servlet. <br> * * This method is called when a form has its tag value method equals to get. * * @param request the request send by the client to the server * @param response the response send by the server to the client * @throws ServletException if an error occurred * @throws IOException if an error occurred */ public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { response.setCharacterEncoding("gb2312"); //func_response1(response); //refresh(response); //response.setHeader("content-type", "text/html"); //response.setContentType("text/xml"); //response.getWriter().write("<html><head><title>handsomcui</title></head><body>hello everyone</body></html>"); response.setContentType("image/jpg"); FileInputStream file = new FileInputStream(new File("E:/我的java程序/code/MyWeb/WebRoot/img/15.JPG")); int len; byte[] buf = new byte[1024]; while( (len = file.read(buf)) != -1){ response.getOutputStream().write(buf, 0, len); } file.close(); } private void refresh(HttpServletResponse response) throws IOException { response.setStatus(302); response.setHeader("location", "/MyWeb/adv.html"); response.sendRedirect("/MyWeb/adv.html"); response.setHeader("refresh", "1"); response.setHeader("refresh", "3;url=/MyWeb/adv.html"); } private void func_response1(HttpServletResponse response) throws IOException { response.setStatus(404); response.sendError(404); response.getWriter().write("I'm handsomecui"); response.getOutputStream().write("I'm a doubi".getBytes()); response.setHeader("server", "handsomecui"); response.setHeader("author", "cuigege"); response.setHeader("Date", "2006.1.1"); } /** * The doPost method of the servlet. <br> * * This method is called when a form has its tag value method equals to post. * * @param request the request send by the client to the server * @param response the response send by the server to the client * @throws ServletException if an error occurred * @throws IOException if an error occurred */ public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { } }
三.总结:
http协议: 浏览器和服务器之间数据传输的格式规范
1)http请求:
格式:
请求行
请求头
空行
实体内容(POST提交的数据在实体内容中)
重点:
使用HttpServletRequest对象: 获取请求数据
2)http响应;
格式:
响应行
响应头
空行
实体内容(浏览器看到的内容)
重点:
使用HttpServletResponse对象: 设置响应数据