[python 基础]python装饰器(一)添加functools获取原函数信息以及functools.partial分析
python装饰器学习的时候有两点需要注意一下
1,被装饰器装饰的函数取其func.__name__和func.func_doc的时候得到的不是被修饰函数的相关信息而是装饰器wrapper函数的docstring和名字
对此我们使用functools这个模块添加一行函数即可
@functools.wraps(f)
def check_id_admin(f):
'''检查是否为admin''' # 使得__name__和func_doc能够获得函数原有的docstring和函数名而不是装饰器相关的 @functools.wraps(f) def wrapper(*args,**kwargs):
if kwargs.get("username")!="admin": raise Exception("this user is not allowed to get food!") return f(*args,**kwargs) return wrapper @check_id_admin def get_food(username,password,food="chocolate"): '''get food''' return "%s get food: %s"%(username,food) def main(): print(get_food.__name__) print(get_food.func_doc)
#输出结果:
get_food
get food
对比不使用@functools.wrap(f)
wrapper
none
2.查看functools.wraps()源码
RAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS = ('__module__', '__name__', '__qualname__', '__doc__', '__annotations__') WRAPPER_UPDATES = ('__dict__',)
def update_wrapper(wrapper, wrapped, assigned = WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS, updated = WRAPPER_UPDATES): """Update a wrapper function to look like the wrapped function wrapper is the function to be updated wrapped is the original function assigned is a tuple naming the attributes assigned directly from the wrapped function to the wrapper function (defaults to functools.WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS) updated is a tuple naming the attributes of the wrapper that are updated with the corresponding attribute from the wrapped function (defaults to functools.WRAPPER_UPDATES) """ for attr in assigned: try:
#在这里获取原函数wrapped的attr赋值给value value = getattr(wrapped, attr) except AttributeError: pass else: setattr(wrapper, attr, value) for attr in updated:
#用wrapped获取的值更新wrapper中的attr getattr(wrapper, attr).update(getattr(wrapped, attr, {})) # Issue #17482: set __wrapped__ last so we don't inadvertently copy it # from the wrapped function when updating __dict__ wrapper.__wrapped__ = wrapped # Return the wrapper so this can be used as a decorator via partial() return wrapper def wraps(wrapped, assigned = WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS, updated = WRAPPER_UPDATES): """Decorator factory to apply update_wrapper() to a wrapper function Returns a decorator that invokes update_wrapper() with the decorated function as the wrapper argument and the arguments to wraps() as the remaining arguments. Default arguments are as for update_wrapper(). This is a convenience function to simplify applying partial() to update_wrapper(). """
return partial(update_wrapper, wrapped=wrapped, assigned=assigned, updated=updated)
从上面代码中可以看出wraps这个函数是通过partial和update_wrapper来实现的
(1)update_wrapper函数
update_wrapper做的工作很简单,就是用参数wrapped表示的函数对象(例如:square)的一些属性()如:__name__、 __doc__)覆盖参数wrapper表示的函数对象的这些相应属性.
即先保存被更新函数信息再更新到新函数中再返回给调用者。
(2)partial函数
简单总结functools.partial的作用就是,把一个函数的某些参数给固定住(也就是设置默认值),返回一个新的函数,调用这个新函数会更简单。上代码:
from functools import partial def add(a,b,c): return a+b+c #固定bc两个参数->add_one仅需要一个参数a add_one = partial(add,b=1,c=3)
#固定a参数->add_two不需要参数运算 add_two = partial(add_one,a=2) print(add_one(a=3)) print(add_two())
因此
#返回一个参数给定的update_wrapper函数
return partial(update_wrapper, wrapped=wrapped,assigned=assigned, updated=updated)