Categraf+VictoriaMetrics+Grafana网络设备监控方案
背景
应公司网工邀请，一起研究架设一套系统，对公司网络设备进行监控和预警。
基础
什么是SNMP
简单网络管理协议SNMP（Simple Network Management Protocol）用于网络设备的管理。
网络设备多种多样，不同设备不同厂家管理接口各不相同，于是snmp应运而生，SNMP作为广泛应用于TCP/IP网络的网络管理标准协议，提供了统一的接口，从而实现了不同种类和厂商的网络设备之间的统一管理。
SNMP系统由网络管理系统NMS（Network Management System）、SNMP Agent、被管对象Management object和管理信息库MIB（Management Information Base）四部分组成。NMS作为整个网络的网管中心，对设备进行管理。每个被管理设备中都包含驻留在设备上的SNMP Agent进程、MIB和多个被管对象。NMS通过与运行在被管理设备上的SNMP Agent交互，由SNMP Agent通过对设备端的MIB进行操作，完成NMS的指令。
详见：https://support.huawei.com/enterprise/zh/doc/EDOC1100087025
什么是MIB
linux命令行获取方式：
#工具安装命令（centos7）
yum install -y net-snmp-utils
snmpwalk -v 2c -c public xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx(ip) 1.3.6.1.2.1.1
选型学习
通常想到的开源架构就是snmp_exporter+prometheus+grafana，公司项目最常用，也最熟悉。通过各种各样的exporter组件，采集数据并汇聚至prometheus，再通过grafana进行数据处理和图表的展示。
而后来在逛bilibili，解锁了一个交换机监控新姿势。（https://www.bilibili.com/read/cv33912961/）
文中详细说明了架构组件替换的原因。
snmp_exporter ---> Categraf
prometheus ---> VictoriaMetrics
Categraf介绍
https://github.com/flashcatcloud/categraf
Categraf 是一款 All-in-One 的开源的 telemetry 数据采集器，支持指标、日志采集；支持 Tracing 数据的收集；支持物理机、虚拟机、交换机、容器、K8s、多种中间件/数据库的数据采集，支持混合云架构、云原生架构、多云架构。汇聚领域最佳实践，开箱即用。
VictoriaMetrics介绍
https://github.com/VictoriaMetrics/VictoriaMetrics
VictoriaMetrics是一款高性能的时序数据库，用于存储和查询时间序列数据。
详见docs地址：https://docs.victoriametrics.com
选型Categraf的原因
1.支持 remote_write 写入协议，可以直接将数据写入Prometheus，VictoriaMetrics，InfluxDB等等
2.snmp_exporter要手写snmp.yml，对我们来说非常不友好。因此便有了一套配置生成工具。配置的难度就是在于处理配置生成工具和协调mib库上。（具体如何部署，如何使用，后续出一期snmp_exporter+prometheus+grafana再展开来说），而Categraf的snmp插件的运行和采集是结合配置文件+mib文件+mib解析处理工具来得到指标数据。从配置文件的编写方面就更加简单，可以节省很多调试的时间。
3.Categraf支持虚拟表和数据筛选。可以将不同索引的表合并，并且将标签插到采集的指标数据里。
选型VictoriaMetrics的原因
1.支持remote_write 写入协议.(prometheus remote_write API)
2.性能和扩展性上做了很多优化。据说在样本数一直的情况下，磁盘空间使用可以比prometheus少7倍。（有待验证）
安装部署
安装包准备
#到对应的github下下载
#Categraf安装包
categraf-v0.3.76-linux-amd64.tar.gz
#VictoriaMetrics安装包
victoria-metrics-linux-amd64-v1.102.1.tar.gz
#MIB库文件
#根据自己的交换机操作系统到官方下载对应的MIB，这里演示(H3C ComwareV7)
Comware_MIB-20240814.zip
https://www.h3c.com/cn/d_201806/1089291_473262_0.htm
#Grafana安装包（直接安装，开箱即食，自己编译太浪费时间，有做了一键编译部署安装包，但版本比较老，直接用最新的）
sudo yum install -y https://dl.grafana.com/enterprise/release/grafana-enterprise-11.2.0-1.x86_64.rpm
https://grafana.com/grafana/download?pg=get&plcmt=selfmanaged-box1-cta1
#grafana启停/状态/加入开机启动
systemctl start grafana-server.service
systemctl stop grafana-server.service
systemctl status grafana-server.service
systemctl enable grafana-server.service
安装victoria-metrics
mkdir /app/victoria-metrics -p
tar -zxf victoria-metrics-linux-amd64-v1.102.1.tar.gz -C /app/victoria-metrics
#加入systemctl
vim /etc/systemd/system/victoria-metrics.service
[Unit]
Description=victoria-metrics
[Service]
Type=simple
ExecStart=/app/victoria-metrics/victoria-metrics-prod -retentionPeriod=30d -storageDataPath=data -selfScrapeInterval=10s -httpListenAddr=0.0.0.0:8428
WorkingDirectory=/app/victoria-metrics
Restart=always
[Install]
WantedBy=mutil-user.target
#配置生效
systemctl daemon-reload
#启停命令
systemctl start victoria-metrics
systemctl stop victoria-metrics
systemctl status victoria-metrics
安装Categraf
tar -zxf categraf-v0.3.76-linux-amd64.tar.gz -C /app/
#加入systemctl
vim /etc/systemd/system/categraf.service
[Unit]
Description="Categraf"
After=network.target
[Service]
Type=simple
ExecStart=/app/categraf-v0.3.76-linux-amd64/categraf
WorkingDirectory=/app/categraf-v0.3.76-linux-amd64
Restart=on-failure
SuccessExitStatus=0
LimitNOFILE=65536
StandardOutput=syslog
StandardError=syslog
SyslogIdentifier=categraf
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
#配置生效
systemctl daemon-reload
#启停命令
systemctl start categraf
systemctl stop categraf
systemctl status categraf
配置Categraf
配置数据库
(在全局配置文件config.toml里面加入要写入的数据库victoria-metrics)
[[writers]]
url = "http://<victoria-metrics-ip>:8428/api/v1/write"
导入MIB文件
mkdir /app/categraf-v0.3.76-linux-amd64/mibs -p
unzip Comware_MIB-20240814.zip -d /app/categraf-v0.3.76-linux-amd64/mibs
cd /app/categraf-v0.3.76-linux-amd64/mibs
mv H3C\ New\ Style\ Private\ MIB/ private
mv H3C\ Public\ MIB/ public
配置input.snmp配置文件
vim /app/categraf-v0.3.76-linux-amd64/conf/input.snmp/snmp.toml
# Retrieves SNMP values from remote agents
[[instances]]
## Agent addresses to retrieve values from.
## format: agents = ["<scheme://><hostname>:<port>"]
## scheme: optional, either udp, udp4, udp6, tcp, tcp4, tcp6.
## default is udp
## port: optional
## example: agents = ["udp://127.0.0.1:161"]
## agents = ["tcp://127.0.0.1:161"]
## agents = ["udp4://v4only-snmp-agent"]
#agents = ["udp://127.0.0.1:161"]
agents = [
"udp://192.168.1.3",
"udp://192.168.1.4",
"udp://192.168.1.5"
#
]
## Timeout for each request.
timeout = "5s"
## SNMP version; can be 1, 2, or 3.
version = 2
## Unconnected UDP socket
## When true, SNMP reponses are accepted from any address not just
## the requested address. This can be useful when gathering from
## redundant/failover systems.
# unconnected_udp_socket = false
## Path to mib files
## Used by the gosmi translator.
## To add paths when translating with netsnmp, use the MIBDIRS environment variable
path = ["/app/categraf-v0.3.76-linux-amd64/mibs"]
translator = "gosmi"
## SNMP community string.
community = "public"
## Agent host tag
agent_host_tag = "agent_host"
#agent_host_tag = "ident"
## Number of retries to attempt.
retries = 3
## The GETBULK max-repetitions parameter.
max_repetitions = 50
# 系统启动时间
[[instances.field]]
oid = "1.3.6.1.2.1.1.3.0"
name = "uptime"
# 系统名称
[[instances.field]]
oid = "1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5.0"
name = "deviceName"
is_tag = true
# 接口表信息
[[instances.table]]
oid = "IF-MIB::ifTable"
name = "interface"
inherit_tags = ["deviceName"]
# 接口表信息中的某个字段
[[instances.table.field]]
oid = "IF-MIB::ifDescr"
name = "ifDescr"
is_tag = true
[[instances.table.field]]
oid = "IF-MIB::ifSpeed"
name = "ifSpeed"
is_tag = true
[[instances.table.field]]
oid = "IF-MIB::ifType"
name = "ifType"
is_tag = true
[[instances.table.field]]
oid = "IF-MIB::ifMtu"
name = "ifMtu"
is_tag = true
[[instances.table.field]]
oid = "IF-MIB::ifAlias"
name = "ifAlias"
is_tag = true
# 入方向报文统计(64位) ifHCInOctets
[[instances.table.field]]
oid = "1.3.6.1.2.1.31.1.1.1.6"
name = "ifHCInOctets"
# 入方向单播报文统计(64位) ifHCInUcastPkts
[[instances.table.field]]
oid = "1.3.6.1.2.1.31.1.1.1.7"
name = "ifHCInUcastPkts"
# 入方向多播报文统计(64位) ifHCInMulticastPkts
[[instances.table.field]]
oid = "1.3.6.1.2.1.31.1.1.1.8"
name = "ifHCInMulticastPkts"
# 入方向广播报文统计(64位) ifHCInBroadcastPkts
[[instances.table.field]]
oid = "1.3.6.1.2.1.31.1.1.1.9"
name = "ifHCInBroadcastPkts"
# 出方向报文统计(64位) ifHCOutOctets
[[instances.table.field]]
oid = "1.3.6.1.2.1.31.1.1.1.10"
name = "ifHCOutOctets"
# 出方向单播报文统计(64位) ifHCOutUcastPkts
[[instances.table.field]]
oid = "1.3.6.1.2.1.31.1.1.1.11"
name = "ifHCOutUcastPkts"
# 出方向多播报文统计(64位) ifHCOutMulticastPkts
[[instances.table.field]]
oid = "1.3.6.1.2.1.31.1.1.1.12"
name = "ifHCOutMulticastPkts"
# 出方向广播报文统计(64位) ifHCOutBroadcastPkts
[[instances.table.field]]
oid = "1.3.6.1.2.1.31.1.1.1.13"
name = "ifHCOutBroadcastPkts"
# 新建空table h3c_system 索引 entPhysicalIndex 获取实体CPU和内存信息
[[instances.table]]
name = "h3c_system"
index_as_tag = true
filters = ["exprA:ent_descr:^(MODULE|Module) (LEVEL|level)1$", "exprB:ent_name:.*", "exprC:cpu_usage:.*"]
filters_expression = "exprA && exprB && exprC"
# 实体描述信息 entPhysicalDescr
[[instances.table.field]]
oid = "1.3.6.1.2.1.47.1.1.1.1.2"
name = "ent_descr"
is_tag = true
# 实体名称 entPhysicalName
[[instances.table.field]]
oid = "1.3.6.1.2.1.47.1.1.1.1.7"
name = "ent_name"
is_tag = true
# 实体CPU实时利用率统计周期为5秒钟
[[instances.table.field]]
oid = "1.3.6.1.4.1.25506.2.6.1.1.1.1.6"
#oid = "1.3.6.1.4.1.25506.2.6.1.1.1.1.6.212"
name = "cpu_usage"
# 实体内存实时利用率百分比
[[instances.table.field]]
oid = "1.3.6.1.4.1.25506.2.6.1.1.1.1.8"
#oid = "1.3.6.1.4.1.25506.2.6.1.1.1.1.8.212"
name = "mem_usage"
# 新建空table h3c_system 索引 entPhysicalIndex 获取实体风扇状态信息
[[instances.table]]
name = "h3c_system"
index_as_tag = true
filters = ["exprA:ent_class:7", "exprB:ent_name:.*", "exprC:fan:.*"]
filters_expression = "exprA && exprB && exprC"
# 实体类型 entPhysicalClass
[[instances.table.field]]
oid = "1.3.6.1.2.1.47.1.1.1.1.5"
name = "ent_class"
is_tag = true
# 实体名称 entPhysicalName
[[instances.table.field]]
oid = "1.3.6.1.2.1.47.1.1.1.1.7"
name = "ent_name"
is_tag = true
# 实体错误状态 Normal(2)表示正常
[[instances.table.field]]
oid = "1.3.6.1.4.1.25506.2.6.1.1.1.1.19"
name = "fan"
[[instances.table]]
#oid = "IP-MIB::ipNetToMediaPhysAddress"
oid = "1.3.6.1.2.1.4.22.1"
name = "h3c_system"
filters = ["exprA:ip_addr:.*", "exprB:mac:.*", "exprC:type:.*"]
filters_expression = "exprA && exprB && exprC"
# ipNetToMediaNetAddress 获取ip，其实agent_host已经有了并加入标签。
#[[instances.table]]
[[instances.table.field]]
oid = "1.3.6.1.2.1.4.22.1.3"
name = "ip_addr"
#conversion="ipaddr"
is_tag = true
# ipNetToMediaPhysAddress 获取mac地址
[[instances.table.field]]
#[[instances.table]]
oid = "1.3.6.1.2.1.4.22.1.2"
name = "mac"
conversion="hwaddr"
is_tag = true
#获取ip的方式，手动还是dhcp
[[instances.table.field]]
oid = "1.3.6.1.2.1.4.22.1.4"
name = "type"
# 新建空table h3c_system 索引 entPhysicalIndex 获取实体传感器温度信息
[[instances.table]]
name = "h3c_system"
index_as_tag = true
filters = ["exprA:ent_descr:(T|t)emperature.*(sensor|SENSOR)|(Fabric|FABRIC) (.+) (Module|MODULE)|^(MODULE|Module) (LEVEL|level)1$", "exprB:ent_name:.*", "exprC:temperature_value:.*"]
filters_expression = "exprA && exprB && exprC"
# 实体描述信息 entPhysicalDescr
[[instances.table.field]]
oid = "1.3.6.1.2.1.47.1.1.1.1.2"
name = "ent_descr"
is_tag = true
# 实体名称 entPhysicalName
[[instances.table.field]]
oid = "1.3.6.1.2.1.47.1.1.1.1.7"
name = "ent_name"
is_tag = true
# 实体温度 hh3cEntityExtTemperature
[[instances.table.field]]
oid = "1.3.6.1.4.1.25506.2.6.1.1.1.1.12"
name = "temperature_value"
# 设备堆叠数量 hh3cStackMemberNum
[[instances.field]]
oid = "1.3.6.1.4.1.25506.2.91.1.2.0"
name = "h3c_stack_membernum"
# 设备堆叠拓扑 hh3cStackTopology ring 2 chain 1
[[instances.field]]
oid = "1.3.6.1.4.1.25506.2.91.1.7.0"
name = "h3c_stack_topology"
配置说明
1.snmp插件有两种方式用于解析和处理mib文件。一种是gosmi+path模式；一种是netsnmp+环境变量模式（MIBDIRS）。
gosmi+path模式配置：
path = ["/app/categraf-v0.3.76-linux-amd64/mibs"]
translator = "gosmi"
netsnmp+环境变量模式（MIBDIRS）配置：
#path = ["/app/categraf-v0.3.76-linux-amd64/mibs"]
translator = "netsnmp"
虽然不配置path，但是在环境变量里还是要加上的。两种办法加环境变量。
#临时加
export MIBDIRS="/app/categraf-v0.3.76-linux-amd64/mibs/public:/app/categraf-v0.3.76-linux-amd64/mibs/private"
#systemctl配置里面加
# 永久加，在[Service]下添加Environment
Environment="MIBDIRS=/app/categraf-v0.3.76-linux-amd64/mibs/public:/app/categraf-v0.3.76-linux-amd64/mibs/private"
2.配置解读
详见https://flashcat.cloud/docs/content/flashcat-monitor/categraf/plugin/snmp/
3.指标采集测试
./categraf --test --inputs snmp
4.手动调试oid（对象标识符）
snmpwalk -v 2c -c public <ip> 1.3.6.1.4.1.25506.2.6.1.1.1.1.6
通过oid，查询并确认自己获取的数据。
5.打开vmui，查看指标数据
配置grafana
接下来就是制作展示图表，对抽取到数据库的数据，进行处理，让网工或者运维人员更加直观看到交换机近期运行的信息
参考了一些大佬网上放出来的图，然后自己做仪表板。
grafana接入数据库
这个地址的获取，在vmui里面能看到
配置的版本要大于或者等于2.24.x
grafana的dashboard模版（json）
点击有惊喜
{
"annotations": {
"list": [
{
"builtIn": 1,
"datasource": {
"type": "grafana",
"uid": "-- Grafana --"
},
"enable": true,
"hide": true,
"iconColor": "rgba(0, 211, 255, 1)",
"name": "Annotations & Alerts",
"type": "dashboard"
}
]
},
"description": "h3c switch dashboard for VictoriaMetrics",
"editable": true,
"fiscalYearStartMonth": 0,
"graphTooltip": 0,
"id": 4,
"links": [],
"panels": [
{
"datasource": {
"type": "prometheus",
"uid": "cdvdmkr1ml0jka"
},
"description": "设备在线",
"fieldConfig": {
"defaults": {
"color": {
"mode": "thresholds"
},
"mappings": [
{
"options": {
"0": {
"color": "red",
"index": 0,
"text": "异常"
},
"1": {
"color": "green",
"index": 1,
"text": "正常"
}
},
"type": "value"
}
],
"thresholds": {
"mode": "absolute",
"steps": [
{
"color": "green",
"value": null
}
]
}
},
"overrides": []
},
"gridPos": {
"h": 6,
"w": 4,
"x": 0,
"y": 0
},
"id": 2,
"options": {
"colorMode": "background",
"graphMode": "none",
"justifyMode": "auto",
"orientation": "auto",
"percentChangeColorMode": "standard",
"reduceOptions": {
"calcs": [
"lastNotNull"
],
"fields": "",
"values": false
},
"showPercentChange": false,
"text": {},
"textMode": "auto",
"wideLayout": true
},
"pluginVersion": "11.1.4",
"targets": [
{
"datasource": {
"type": "prometheus",
"uid": "cdvdmkr1ml0jka"
},
"disableTextWrap": false,
"editorMode": "code",
"expr": "snmp_up{agent_host=~\"$agent_host\"}",
"fullMetaSearch": false,
"includeNullMetadata": true,
"instant": false,
"legendFormat": "__auto",
"range": true,
"refId": "A",
"useBackend": false
}
],
"title": "设备在线",
"type": "stat"
},
{
"datasource": {
"type": "prometheus",
"uid": "cdvdmkr1ml0jka"
},
"description": "cpu使用情况",
"fieldConfig": {
"defaults": {
"color": {
"mode": "thresholds"
},
"mappings": [],
"thresholds": {
"mode": "absolute",
"steps": [
{
"color": "green",
"value": null
},
{
"color": "orange",
"value": 80
},
{
"color": "red",
"value": 90
}
]
},
"unit": "percent"
},
"overrides": []
},
"gridPos": {
"h": 6,
"w": 5,
"x": 4,
"y": 0
},
"id": 3,
"options": {
"minVizHeight": 75,
"minVizWidth": 75,
"orientation": "auto",
"reduceOptions": {
"calcs": [
"lastNotNull"
],
"fields": "",
"values": false
},
"showThresholdLabels": false,
"showThresholdMarkers": true,
"sizing": "auto"
},
"pluginVersion": "11.1.4",
"targets": [
{
"datasource": {
"type": "prometheus",
"uid": "cdvdmkr1ml0jka"
},
"editorMode": "code",
"expr": "snmp_h3c_system_cpu_usage{agent_host=~\"$agent_host\"}",
"instant": false,
"legendFormat": "__auto",
"range": true,
"refId": "A"
}
],
"title": "cpu使用情况",
"type": "gauge"
},
{
"datasource": {
"type": "prometheus",
"uid": "cdvdmkr1ml0jka"
},
"description": "内存使用情况",
"fieldConfig": {
"defaults": {
"color": {
"mode": "thresholds"
},
"fieldMinMax": false,
"mappings": [],
"thresholds": {
"mode": "percentage",
"steps": [
{
"color": "green",
"value": null
},
{
"color": "orange",
"value": 80
},
{
"color": "red",
"value": 90
}
]
},
"unit": "percent"
},
"overrides": []
},
"gridPos": {
"h": 6,
"w": 5,
"x": 9,
"y": 0
},
"id": 5,
"options": {
"minVizHeight": 75,
"minVizWidth": 75,
"orientation": "auto",
"reduceOptions": {
"calcs": [
"lastNotNull"
],
"fields": "",
"values": false
},
"showThresholdLabels": false,
"showThresholdMarkers": true,
"sizing": "auto",
"text": {}
},
"pluginVersion": "11.1.4",
"targets": [
{
"datasource": {
"type": "prometheus",
"uid": "cdvdmkr1ml0jka"
},
"editorMode": "code",
"expr": "snmp_h3c_system_mem_usage{agent_host=~\"$agent_host\"}",
"instant": false,
"legendFormat": "__auto",
"range": true,
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https://rfc2cn.com/rfc3416.html
