77.Q表达式详解
Q表达式可以包裹查询条件,可以在多个条件之间进行操作:与或非等。Q表达式一般会放在filter()中进行使用,F表达式一般是放在update()中进行使用。
定义模型的models.py文件中,示例代码如下:
from django.db import models
# 定义作者模型
class Author(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=100, unique=True)
age = models.IntegerField()
email = models.EmailField()
class Meta:
db_table = 'author'
def __str__(self):
return "%s,%s,%s" % (self.name,self.age, self.email)
# 定义出版社模型
class Publisher(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=100,unique=True)
class Meta:
db_table = 'publisher'
def __str__(self):
return " ->:%s" % self.name
# 定义图书模型
class Book(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=100, unique=True)
pages = models.IntegerField()
price = models.FloatField()
rating = models.FloatField()
author = models.ForeignKey('Author', on_delete=models.CASCADE)
publisher = models.ForeignKey('Publisher', on_delete=models.CASCADE)
score = models.FloatField(null=True)
class Meta:
db_table = 'book'
def __str__(self):
return "(书名:%s,页数:%s,价格:%s,打折:%s,作者:%s,出版社:%s)" % (self.name, self.pages, self.price, self.rating, self.author, self.publisher)
# 定义预定图书的模型
class BookOrder(models.Model):
book = models.ForeignKey('Book', on_delete=models.CASCADE)
price = models.FloatField()
time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True, null=True)
class Meta:
db_table = 'book_order'
mysql数据库中book表中数据如下:
views.py文件中示例代码如下:
from .models import Book
from djang.db import connection
from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.db.models import Q
# Q表达式的详解
def index3(request):
# 1. 首先先数据库中添加几条评分的数据
# book = Book.objects.get(pk=1)
# book.score = 4.48
# book.save()
# 2. 查找book表中价格大于150,评分score大于4.50并且折扣rating大于0.8的图书信息
# 不使用Q表达式
books = Book.objects.filter(price__gte=150, score__gte=4.50, rating__gte=0.8)
for book in books:
print("%s, %s, %s, %s"%(book.name, book.price, book.score, book.rating))
# 注意:如果前面的%s的个数和后面的参数的个数不相对应的话,
# 就会出现:not all arguments converted during string formatting,不是所有的参数在字符串格式化期间都进行了转化
# 打印出结果:
# 红楼梦, 199.0, 4.95, 0.85
print(connection.queries)
# [{'sql': 'SELECT @@SQL_AUTO_IS_NULL', 'time': '0.000'},
# {'sql': 'SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED', 'time': '0.000'}, {
# 'sql': 'SELECT `book`.`id`, `book`.`name`, `book`.`pages`, `book`.`price`, `book`.`rating`, `book`.`author_id`, `book`.`publisher_id`, `book`.`score` FROM `book` WHERE (`book`.`price` >= 150.0e0 AND `book`.`rating` >= 0.8e0 AND `book`.`score` >= 4.5e0)',
# 'time': '0.000'}]
# 3. 查找book表中折扣小于0.8,或者是评分小于4.5的图书信息,其中在使用&,|时,两边一定是Q()表达式的值
# 使用Q表达式,多个条件之间进行:或操作
books = Book.objects.filter(Q(rating__lt=0.8)|Q(score__lt=4.5))
for book in books:
print("%s,评分:%s,折扣: %s"%(book.name, book.score, book.rating))
# 打印出结果:
# 三国演义,评分:4.48,折扣: 0.8
# 水浒传,评分:4.83,折扣: 0.75
# 西游记,评分:4.56,折扣: 0.75
print(connection.queries[-1])
#{'sql': 'SELECT `book`.`id`, `book`.`name`, `book`.`pages`, `book`.`price`, `book`.`rating`, `book`.`author_id`, `book`.`publisher_id`, `book`.`score` FROM `book` WHERE (`book`.`rating` < 0.8e0 OR `book`.`score` < 4.5e0)', 'time': '0.000'}
# 4.获取价格大于150,并且名字中不包含“记”的图书信息
# 使用Q表达式,多个条件之间进行与非操作
books = Book.objects.filter(Q(price__gte=150) & ~Q(name__icontains="记"))
for book in books:
print("%s, %s"%(book.name, book.price))
# 水浒传, 159.0
# 红楼梦, 199.0
print(connection.queries[-1])
# {'sql': "SELECT `book`.`id`, `book`.`name`, `book`.`pages`, `book`.`price`, `book`.`rating`, `book`.`author_id`, `book`.`publisher_id`, `book`.`score` FROM `book` WHERE (`book`.`price` >= 150.0e0 AND NOT (`book`.`name` LIKE '%记%'))", 'time': '0.000'}
return HttpResponse("success !")
补充:django ORM中大小比较的符号怎么表示:
- __gt: 表示大于
- __gte: 表示大于等于
- __lt: 表示小于
- __lte: 表示小于等于
- exclude:表示不等于
始于才华,忠于颜值;每件事情在成功之前,看起来都是天方夜谭。一无所有,就是无所不能。