Microsoft T-Sql Langauge Reference
一、基础
1、说明:创建数据库 CREATE DATABASE database-name 2、说明:删除数据库 drop database dbname 3、说明:备份sql server --- 创建 备份数据的 device USE master EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat' --- 开始 备份 BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack 4、说明:创建新表 create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..) 根据已有的表创建新表: A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用旧表创建新表) B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2… from tab_old definition only 5、说明:删除新表 drop table tabname 6、说明:增加一个列 Alter table tabname add column col type 注:列增加后将不能删除。DB2中列加上后数据类型也不能改变,唯一能改变的是增加varchar类型的长度。 7、说明:添加主键: Alter table tabname add primary key(col) 说明:删除主键: Alter table tabname drop primary key(col) 8、说明:创建索引:create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col….) 删除索引:drop index idxname 注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。 9、说明:创建视图:create view viewname as select statement 删除视图:drop view viewname 10、说明:几个简单的基本的sql语句 选择:select * from table1 where 范围 插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2) 删除:delete from table1 where 范围 更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围 查找:select * from table1 where field1 like ’%value1%’ ---like的语法很精妙,查资料! 排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc] 总数:select count as totalcount from table1 求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1 平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1 最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1 最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1 11、说明:几个高级查询运算词 A: UNION 运算符 UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时(即 UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。 B: EXCEPT 运算符 EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 EXCEPT 一起使用时 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重复行。 C: INTERSECT 运算符 INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 INTERSECT 一起使用时 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重复行。 注:使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。 12、说明:使用外连接 A、left outer join: 左外连接(左连接):结果集几包括连接表的匹配行,也包括左连接表的所有行。 SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c B:right outer join: 右外连接(右连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行,也包括右连接表的所有行。 C:full outer join: 全外连接:不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行,还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。
二、提升
1、说明:复制表(只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用) 法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1 法二:select top 0 * into b from a
2、说明:拷贝表(拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:b) (Access可用) insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b;
3、说明:跨数据库之间表的拷贝(具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用) insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in ‘具体数据库’ where 条件 例子:..from b in '”&Server.MapPath(”.”)&“\data.mdb” &”' where..
4、说明:子查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b ) 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3)
5、说明:显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间 select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b
6、说明:外连接查询(表名1:a 表名2:b) select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c
7、说明:在线视图查询(表名1:a ) select * from (SELECT a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1;
8、说明:between的用法,between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括 select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2 select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2
9、说明:in 的使用方法 select * from table1 where a [not] in (‘值1’,’值2’,’值4’,’值6’)
10、说明:两张关联表,删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息 delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 )
11、说明:四表联查问题: select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where …..
12、说明:日程安排提前五分钟提醒 SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f开始时间,getdate())>5
13、说明:一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页 select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主键字段 = a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段
14、说明:前10条记录 select top 10 * form table1 where 范围
15、说明:选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等.) select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b)
16、说明:包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表 (select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC)
17、说明:随机取出10条数据 select top 10 * from tablename order by newid()
18、说明:随机选择记录 select newid()
19、说明:删除重复记录 Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,…)
20、说明:列出数据库里所有的表名 select name from sysobjects where type='U'
21、说明:列出表里的所有的 select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName')
22、说明:列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地实现多重选择,类似select 中的case。 select type,sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type 显示结果: type vender pcs 电脑 A 1 电脑 A 1 光盘 B 2 光盘 A 2 手机 B 3 手机 C 3
23、说明:初始化表table1
24、说明:选择从10到15的记录
三、技巧
1、1=1,1=2的使用,在SQL语句组合时用的较多
“where 1=1” 是表示选择全部 “where 1=2”全部不选,
如:
if @strWhere !=''
begin
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where ' + @strWhere
end
else
begin
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + ']'
end
我们可以直接写成set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where 1=1 安定 '+ @strWhere
2、收缩数据库
-
-重建索引
DBCC INDEXDEFRAG
--收缩数据和日志
DBCC SHRINKDB
DBCC SHRINKFILE
3、压缩数据库
dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname)
4、转移数据库给新用户以已存在用户权限
exec sp_change_users_login 'update_one','newname','oldname'
go
5、检查备份集
RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk='E:\dvbbs.bak'
6、修复数据库
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER
GO
DBCC CHECKDB('dvbbs',repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK
GO
ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER
GO
7、日志清除
SET NOCOUNT ON
DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname,
@MaxMinutes INT,
@NewSize INT
USE tablename -- 要操作的数据库名
SELECT @LogicalFileName = 'tablename_log', -- 日志文件名
@MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log.
@NewSize = 1 -- 你想设定的日志文件的大小(M)
-- Setup / initialize
DECLARE @OriginalSize int
SELECT @OriginalSize = size
FROM sysfiles
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName
SELECT 'Original Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' +
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ' 8K pages or ' +
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + 'MB'
FROM sysfiles
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName
CREATE TABLE DummyTrans
(DummyColumn char (8000) not null)
DECLARE @Counter INT,
@StartTime DATETIME,
@TruncLog VARCHAR(255)
SELECT @StartTime = GETDATE(),
@TruncLog = 'BACKUP LOG ' + db_name() + ' WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY'
DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize)
EXEC (@TruncLog)
-- Wrap the log if necessary.
WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired
AND @OriginalSize = (SELECT size FROM sysfiles WHERE name = @LogicalFileName)
AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize
BEGIN -- Outer loop.
SELECT @Counter = 0
WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000))
BEGIN -- update
INSERT DummyTrans VALUES ('Fill Log')
DELETE DummyTrans
SELECT @Counter = @Counter + 1
END
EXEC (@TruncLog)
END
SELECT 'Final Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' +
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ' 8K pages or ' +
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + 'MB'
FROM sysfiles
WHERE name = @LogicalFileName
DROP TABLE DummyTrans
SET NOCOUNT OFF
8、说明:更改某个表
exec sp_changeobjectowner 'tablename','dbo'
9、存储更改全部表
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch
@OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128),
@NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128)
AS
DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128)
DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128)
DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128)
DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR
select 'Name' = name,
'Owner' = user_name(uid)
from sysobjects
where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner
order by name
OPEN curObject
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner
WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0)
BEGIN
if @Owner=@OldOwner
begin
set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name)
exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner
end
-- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner
END
close curObject
deallocate curObject
GO
10、SQL SERVER中直接循环写入数据
declare @i int
set @i=1
while @i<30
begin
insert into test (userid) values(@i)
set @i=@i+1
end
11、小记存储过程中经常用到的本周,本月,本年函数
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1)
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6)
Dateadd(mm,datediff(mm,0,getdate()),0)
Dateadd(ms,-3,dateadd(mm,datediff(m,0,getdate())+1,0))
Dateadd(yy,datediff(yy,0,getdate()),0)
Dateadd(ms,-3,DATEADD(yy, DATEDIFF(yy,0,getdate())+1, 0))
上面的SQL代码只是一个时间段
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1)
Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6)
就是表示本周时间段.
下面的SQL的条件部分,就是查询时间段在本周范围内的:
Where Time BETWEEN Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1) AND Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6)
而在存储过程中
select @begintime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),-1)
select @endtime = Dateadd(wk,datediff(wk,0,getdate()),6)
12、插入记录并取刚插入记录的标识字段值
insert into Stat_Day (YearName,MonthName,DayName,VisitNum,PageView) values ('2007','03','23',1,1) SELECT @@IDENTITY as id
13、当需要 SET IDENTITY_INSERT [dbo].[CV_ColumnTag] ON 时,INSERT INTO 一定要写出列的列表,如:
--正确
INSERT INTO [dbo].[CV_ColumnTag] (TagID,TagName,ColumnCounts) VALUES (3,'测试增加3','1')
--错误
INSERT INTO [dbo].[CV_ColumnTag] VALUES (3,'测试增加3','1')
14、当需要往数据库插入带有单引号的内容时,要将单引号替换成“双单引号”,如下面语句中的测试增加3,就是将'替换成了
:
INSERT INTO [dbo].[CV_ColumnTag] (TagID,TagName,ColumnCounts) VALUES (3,'测试''增加3','1')
15、查看数据库中表的空间占用
exec sp_spaceused 'CV_Column', true;
exec sp_spaceused 'CV_ColumnTag', true;
exec sp_spaceused 'CV_ColumnComment', true;
exec sp_spaceused 'CV_ColumnCategoryElite', true;
exec sp_spaceused 'CV_Comment', true;
16、修改包含索引与默认值的列数据类型
1DROP INDEX [dbo].[huiyuan].[IX_huiyuan_2008ExpertTop3000Result]
2GO
3ALTER TABLE huiyuan DROP CONSTRAINT [DF_huiyuan_2008ExpertTop3000Result]
4GO
5ALTER TABLE huiyuan ALTER COLUMN [2008ExpertTop3000Result] DECIMAL(10,2)
6GO
7ALTER TABLE huiyuan ADD CONSTRAINT [DF_huiyuan_2008ExpertTop3000Result] DEFAULT (0) FOR [2008ExpertTop3000Result]
8GO
9CREATE INDEX [IX_huiyuan_2008ExpertTop3000Result] ON [dbo].[huiyuan]([2008ExpertTop3000Result] DESC ) WITH PAD_INDEX ON [PRIMARY]
17、增加一个有默认值,有索引的字段
1--增加字段
2ALTER TABLE CV_NewsDig ADD HasVideo BIT
3GO
4--字段更新成默认值
5UPDATE CV_NewsDig SET HasVideo = 0
6GO
7--给字段添加非空属性
8ALTER TABLE CV_NewsDig ALTER COLUMN HasVideo BIT NOT NULL
9GO
10--给字段增加默认值
11ALTER TABLE [dbo].[CV_NewsDig] ADD CONSTRAINT [DF_CV_NewsDig_HasVideo] DEFAULT (0) FOR [HasVideo]
12GO
13--增加该字段的索引
14CREATE INDEX [IX_CV_NewsDig_HasVideo] ON [dbo].[CV_NewsDig]([HasVideo]) WITH PAD_INDEX ON [PRIMARY]
18、替换字段内容(包括NTEXT字段)
1--NTEXT,姚老师替换成蒋老师
2UPDATE BusinessSchool_Course SET CourseIntro = REPLACE(CAST([CourseIntro] AS NVARCHAR(4000)),N'姚老师',N'蒋老师')
3
4--NVARCHAR,姚老师替换成蒋老师
5UPDATE BusinessSchool_Course SET CourseIntro = REPLACE([CourseIntro],N'姚老师',N'蒋老师')
6
7--注意,NVARCHAR(4000)一定不能写成VARCHAR(8000),且"N'姚老师'"的N不能省略,否则有可能将内容全部替换成乱码
19、合并用户
1----chinavalue
2SELECT * FROM CV_Column WHERE AuthorID = 174627
3SELECT * FROM CV_ColumnComment WHERE AuthorID = 174627
4SELECT * FROM CV_ColumnTagUserRelation WHERE UserID = 174627
5SELECT * FROM CV_NewsDig WHERE UserID = 174627
6SELECT * FROM CV_Twitter WHERE UserID = 174627
7
8UPDATE CV_Column SET AuthorID = 15430, Indexed = 0 WHERE AuthorID = 174627
9UPDATE CV_ColumnComment SET AuthorID = 15430 WHERE AuthorID = 174627
10UPDATE CV_ColumnTagUserRelation SET UserID = 15430 WHERE UserID = 174627
11UPDATE CV_NewsDig SET UserID = 15430 WHERE UserID = 174627
12UPDATE CV_Twitter SET UserID = 15430 WHERE UserID = 174627
13
14--生成指定条件的文章静态页面: AND AuthorID = 15430 AND Indexed = 0
15
16----friendcommunity
17SELECT * FROM BookComment WHERE UserID = 174627
18SELECT * FROM BookInfo WHERE UserID = 174627
19SELECT * FROM Blog_Entry WHERE UserID = 174627
20
21UPDATE BookInfo SET UserID = 15430 WHERE UserID = 174627
22UPDATE BookComment SET UserID = 15430 WHERE UserID = 174627
23UPDATE Blog_Entry SET UserID = 15430, BlogID = 3536 WHERE UserID = 174627