python openpyxl 操作 excel
初识与安装
Openpyxl is a Python library for reading and writing Excel 2010 xlsx/xlsm/xltx/xltm files.
安装
$ pip install openpyxl
一个简单创建例子
from openpyxl import Workbook
wb = Workbook()
# 激活 worksheet
ws = wb.active
# 数据可以直接分配到单元格中
ws['A1'] = 42
# 可以附加行，从第一列开始附加
ws.append([1, 2, 3])
# Python 类型会被自动转换
import datetime
ws['A3'] = datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
# 保存文件
wb.save("sample.xlsx")
打开查看Excel如下：
workbook
There is no need to create a file on the filesystem to get started with openpyxl. Just import the Workbook class and start using it.
from openpyxl import Workbook wb = Workbook()
worksheet
A workbook至少创建一个worksheet.
通过openpyxl.workbook.Workbook.active()得到worksheet.ws = wb.active
注意：
该方法使用_active_sheet_index属性, 默认会设置0，也就是第一个worksheet。除非手动修改，否则使用active方法得到都是第一个worksheet。
你也可以创建worksheets，通过 openpyxl.workbook.Workbook.create_sheet() 方法：
>>> ws1 = wb.create_sheet("Mysheet") #插入到最后(default)
#或者
>>> ws2 = wb.create_sheet("Mysheet", 0) #插入到最开始的位置
创建的sheet的名称会自动创建，按照sheet，sheet1，sheet2自动增长，通过title属性可以修改其名称。ws.title = "New Title"
默认的sheet的tab是白色的，可以通过 RRGGBB颜色来修改sheet_properties.tabColor属性从而修改sheet tab按钮的颜色:ws.sheet_properties.tabColor = "1072BA"
当你设置了sheet的名称，可以将其看成workbook中的一个key。也可以使用openpyxl.workbook.Workbook.get_sheet_by_name() 方法
>>> ws3 = wb["New Title"]
>>> ws4 = wb.get_sheet_by_name("New Title")
>>> ws is ws3 is ws4
True
查看workbook中的所有worksheets名称:openpyxl.workbook.Workbook.get_sheet_names()
>>> print(wb.sheetnames) ['Sheet2', 'New Title', 'Sheet1']
遍历worksheets：
>>> for sheet in wb: ... print(sheet.title)
操作数据
访问单元格
单元格可以看作是worksheet的key，通过key去访问单元格中的数据
>>> c = ws['A4']
直接返回A4单元格，如果不存在则会自动创建一个。
指定单元格的值
>>> ws['A4'] = 4 #直接赋值
使用openpyxl.worksheet.Worksheet.cell()方法操作某行某列的某个值：
>>> d = ws.cell(row=4, column=2, value=10)
注意：
- 当worksheet在内存中被创建时,是没有包含cells的，cells是在首次访问时创建.
- 可以循环在内存中创建cells，这时不指定他们的值也会创建该cells些：(创建100x100cells)
>>> for i in range(1,101): ... for j in range(1,101): ... ws.cell(row=i, column=j)
访问许多cells
通过切片Ranges指定许多cells
>>> cell_range = ws['A1':'C2']
同样也可以Ranges rows 或者columns :
>>> colC = ws['C'] >>> col_range = ws['C:D'] >>> row10 = ws[10] >>> row_range = ws[5:10]
也可以使用 openpyxl.worksheet.Worksheet.iter_rows() 方法:(需要指定行->行，截止列)
>>> for row in ws.iter_rows(min_row=1, max_col=3, max_row=2): ... for cell in row: ... print(cell) <Cell Sheet1.A1> <Cell Sheet1.B1> <Cell Sheet1.C1> <Cell Sheet1.A2> <Cell Sheet1.B2> <Cell Sheet1.C2>
openpyxl.worksheet.Worksheet.iter_cols() 方法:(需要指定列->列，截止行)>>> for row in ws.iter_rows(min_row=1, max_col=3, max_row=2): ... for cell in row: ... print(cell) <Cell Sheet1.A1> <Cell Sheet1.B1> <Cell Sheet1.C1> <Cell Sheet1.A2> <Cell Sheet1.B2> <Cell Sheet1.C2>
如果你需要遍历所有文件的行或列,可以使用openpyxl.worksheet.Worksheet.rows() 属性:
>>> ws = wb.active >>> ws['C9'] = 'hello world' >>> tuple(ws.rows) ((<Cell Sheet.A1>, <Cell Sheet.B1>, <Cell Sheet.C1>), (<Cell Sheet.A2>, <Cell Sheet.B2>, <Cell Sheet.C2>), (<Cell Sheet.A3>, <Cell Sheet.B3>, <Cell Sheet.C3>), (<Cell Sheet.A4>, <Cell Sheet.B4>, <Cell Sheet.C4>), (<Cell Sheet.A5>, <Cell Sheet.B5>, <Cell Sheet.C5>), (<Cell Sheet.A6>, <Cell Sheet.B6>, <Cell Sheet.C6>), (<Cell Sheet.A7>, <Cell Sheet.B7>, <Cell Sheet.C7>), (<Cell Sheet.A8>, <Cell Sheet.B8>, <Cell Sheet.C8>), (<Cell Sheet.A9>, <Cell Sheet.B9>, <Cell Sheet.C9>))
或者 openpyxl.worksheet.Worksheet.columns() 属性:
>>> tuple(ws.columns) ((<Cell Sheet.A1>, <Cell Sheet.A2>, <Cell Sheet.A3>, <Cell Sheet.A4>, <Cell Sheet.A5>, <Cell Sheet.A6>, ... <Cell Sheet.B7>, <Cell Sheet.B8>, <Cell Sheet.B9>), (<Cell Sheet.C1>, <Cell Sheet.C2>, <Cell Sheet.C3>, <Cell Sheet.C4>, <Cell Sheet.C5>, <Cell Sheet.C6>, <Cell Sheet.C7>, <Cell Sheet.C8>, <Cell Sheet.C9>))
Saving to a file
最简单最安全的方法保存workbook是使用openpyxl.workbook.Workbook对象的 openpyxl.workbook.Workbook.save()方法:
>>> wb = Workbook()
>>> wb.save('balances.xlsx')
保存的默认位置在python的根目录下。
注意：会自动覆盖已经存在文件名的文件。
Loading from a file
像写一样我们可以导入openpyxl.load_workbook()已经存在的workbook:
>>> from openpyxl import load_workbook
>>> wb2 = load_workbook('test.xlsx')
>>> print wb2.get_sheet_names()
['Sheet2', 'New Title', 'Sheet1']
常用实例
详情参考官方使用文档：
http://openpyxl.readthedocs.io/en/default/usage.html
写入例子一
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from openpyxl import Workbook
wb = Workbook()
# 激活 worksheet
ws = wb.active
# 数据可以直接分配到单元格中
ws['A1'] = 42
# 可以附加行，从第一列开始附加
ws.append([1, 2, 3])
# Python 类型会被自动转换
import datetime
ws['A3'] = datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
# 保存文件
wb.save("sample.xlsx")
写入例子二
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
http://openpyxl.readthedocs.io/en/default/usage.html
"""
# workbook相关
from openpyxl import Workbook
from openpyxl.compat import range
from openpyxl.utils import get_column_letter
wb = Workbook()
dest_filename = 'empty_book.xlsx'
ws1 = wb.active
ws1.title = "range names"
for row in range(1, 40):
ws1.append(range(600))
ws2 = wb.create_sheet(title="Pi")
ws2['F5'] = 3.14
ws3 = wb.create_sheet(title="Data")
for row in range(10, 20):
for col in range(27, 54):
_ = ws3.cell(column=col, row=row, value="{0}".format(get_column_letter(col)))
print(ws3['AA10'].value)
wb.save(filename=dest_filename)
读取例子一
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from openpyxl.reader.excel import load_workbook
import json
# 读取excel2007文件
wb = load_workbook(filename=r'test_book.xlsx')
# 显示有多少张表
print "Worksheet range(s):", wb.get_named_ranges()
print "Worksheet name(s):", wb.get_sheet_names()
# 取第一张表
sheetnames = wb.get_sheet_names()
ws = wb.get_sheet_by_name(sheetnames[0])
# 显示表名，表行数，表列数
print "Work Sheet Titile:", ws.title
print "Work Sheet Rows:", ws.max_row
print "Work Sheet Cols:", ws.max_column
# 建立存储数据的字典
data_dic = {}
# 把数据存到字典中
for rx in range(1, ws.max_row + 1):
temp_list = []
pid = rx
w1 = ws.cell(row=rx, column=1).value
w2 = ws.cell(row=rx, column=2).value
w3 = ws.cell(row=rx, column=3).value
w4 = ws.cell(row=rx, column=4).value
temp_list = [w1, w2, w3, w4]
data_dic[pid] = temp_list
# 打印字典数据个数
print 'Total:%d' % len(data_dic)
print json.dumps(data_dic, encoding="UTF-8", ensure_ascii=False)
读取结果：
Worksheet range(s): []
Worksheet name(s): [u'\u6d3b\u52a8\u8868', u'\u7528\u6237\u4fe1\u606f', u'Sheet3']
Work Sheet Titile: 活动表
Work Sheet Rows: 3
Work Sheet Cols: 5
Total:3
{"1": ["张三", 18, "男", "广州"], "2": ["李四", 20, "女", "湖北"], "3": ["王五", 25, "女", "北京"]}
使用公式
>>> from openpyxl import Workbook
>>> wb = Workbook()
>>> ws = wb.active
>>> # add a simple formula
>>> ws["A1"] = "=SUM(1, 1)"
>>> wb.save("formula.xlsx")
