解读Linux命令格式
Linux命令格式:
command [options] [arguments]
command:命令
options: --单词 或 -单字 如: ls --all equ ls -a ls -a -b -c equ ls -abc
argument:参数(档案名称或其他)
在查看命令帮助时,会出现[],<>,|等符号,它们的含义如下:
[] 表示是可选的;
<> 表示是可变化的;
x|y|z 表示只能选择一个;
-abc 表示三个参数(或任何二个)的混合使用
帮助命令:
whatis <command> 显示简短功能描述
<command> --help 显示使用摘要和参数列表(可以查看大多数命令的用法)
man [<chapter>] <command> 查看命令描述或手册页(Manual) 注:说明文件被划分为不同的页,man命令就是查看这些页
info <command> read Info documents
Manual sections: 1:user commands(*) 4:special files 7:miscellaneous 2:system calls 5:file formats 8:administrative commands(*) 3:library calls 6:games
----------------------------------^^^^^^^^^^^-----------------------------------------------------
在man命令下底行模式: /<text> 查找关键字 n/N 下一个/上一个 q 离开 man -k <keyword> 列出包含keyword关键字的手册页
Info <command> 查看命令详细的说明文件 注:info查看的是比man更详细的说明,也就是把man的页再划分为更小的章节同时这个命令还可以链接到相似主题
info命令底行模式: arrows.pageUp.pageDown 切换 Tab 跳往下一个链接(有*的地方) Enter 进入链接 n/p/u 跳往下一个(上一个)小节,上一层章节 s[<text>] 查找关键字 q 离开
<command> --? usr/share/doc/ 说明文件目录 http://www.redhat.com/docs/ 在线说明文件
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linux命令格式
1. Linux命令格式:命令字 [命令选项] [命令参数]
(1) 命令字即命令名称,在linux命令行界面使用的命令字唯一确定一个命令。
(2)命令选项:根据命令的不同,选项的个数和内容也不同。根据要实现的命令功能不同,选项的个数和内容也不同,大多数命令选项可以组合使用,命令选项有短格式和长格式的。
短格式就是单个英文字母,选项是使用“ -”符号(半角减号符)引导开始选项,字母可以是大写也可以是小写。如 ls -al 。
长格式的命令选项使用英文单词表示,选项前用“--”(两个半角减号符)引导开始的。如 --abc --xyz。
(3)命令参数:是命令处理的对象,通常情况可以是文件名、目录、或用户名。
2. 命令字、命令选项、命令参数之间用空格来隔开。
3. shell的内部命令,linux启动后shell始终驻留在内存中,因此执行的速度快,help命令可以接受bash中的shell命令做为参数。
执行结果是显示帮助信息。help短格式是内部命令,格式是 “help 参数”,加选项-s 只显示命令的格式信息。
4. man命令,全称是(man page )手册页的意思。格式为 “man 参数 ”参数为命令,按方向键移动。它可以分页显示,也可以使用键盘上的Page Down、Page up 向下或向上翻屏。
5. info命令,全称是(info page)信息页的意思。是linux中类似于man 的另一中帮助信息的形式。信息页提供了主题间的连接跳转。
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楼上说的是linux中help的使用方法,使用man命令和参数可以查询到楼主提问的所有问题。
常见的列文件和目录:dir和list
排序:需要使用参数
样式:需要使用参数
任何命令后跟--help 会列出所有的参数的使用方法的。
linux有命令提示功能,例如按d后再按tab键2下,那么所有d开头的命令都会罗列出来。然后用--help参数看使用方法即可。
Linux命令格式
相信有很多用户都是从Windows系统转到Linux系统的,对于Windows系统下的DOS命令应该并不陌生。Linux命令的基本格式与DOS命令的格式很类似。
用户可以使用-help选项获得简单的使用帮助,使用man、info命令则可获得比较详细的命令介绍。
Linux的文件系统管理操作包括访问、浏览、建立、删除、移动、链接、权限设置等,经常使用的命令包括ls、cd、rm、mkdir、rmdir、less、cat、mv、ln、chmod、chown等。
用户管理操作包括登录、权限、口令、用户组的管理等,常用管理命令有useradd、userdel、passwd、chsh、groupadd、groupdel、groupmod等。
用户管理的重要文件包括/etc/passwd、/etc/shadow、/etc/group、/etc/gshadow等。
Linux系统命令分为两种类型:
shell内部命令
外部应用程序命令
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要Linux shell即命令的教程就到下载去找吧,这里不是讲什么命令的,而是你充分的了解什么叫做Linux下的命令,它有哪些规定
学习Linux了解命令是必需的,所以这个学Linux的一定要了解了
熟悉命令的多写下命令的体会
Linux提供了几百条命令,虽然这些命令的功能不同,但它们的使用方式和规则都是统一的。
Linux命令的一般格式是:
命令名 [选项] [参数1] [参数2]……
1、命令名由小写的英文字母构成,往往是表示相应功能的英文单词或单词的缩写。例如,date表示日期; who表示谁在系统中;cp是copy的缩写,表示拷贝文件等。
2、选项是对命令的特别定义,以"-"开始,多个选项可用一个"-" 连起来,如"ls -l -a"与"ls -la"相同。
3、命令行的参数提供命令运行的信息,或者是命令执行过程中所使用的文件名。通常参数是一些文件名,告诉命令从哪里可以得到输入,以及把输出送到什么地方。
4、如果命令行中没有提供参数,命令将从标准输入文件(即键盘)接受数据,输出结果显示在标准输出文件(即显示器)上,而错误信息则显示在标准错误输出文件(即显示器)上。
可使用重定向功能对这些文件进行重定向。 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
5、命令在正常执行后返回一个0值,表示执行成功;如果命令执行过程中出错,没有完成全部工作,则返回一个非零值 (在Shell中可用变量$?查看)。
在Shell脚本中,可用命令返回值作为控制逻辑的一部分。
6、Linux操作系统的联机帮助对每个命令的准确语法都做了说明,可以使用命令man、info来获取相应命令的联机说明,如" man ls"。
请把这些知识装进你的心里 》》》》》
原文链接:http://lavasoft.blog.51cto.com/62575/533131
环境:Linux HA5-139JK 2.6.18-164.el5 #1 SMP Tue Aug 18 15:51:48 EDT 2009 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
Linux命令很多,但对格式本身解读的文章几乎是空白,都在凭对格式的猜测来写命令,就此在网上搜集此类资料都很少而且很不全面,想找官方的,也没找到。根据自己的理解写一篇出来,希望对初学者有用。
一、命令的一般格式
command [options] [arguments]
command 命令
options --单词 或 -单字
arguments 参数,有时候选项也带参数。
二、命令格式中的符号含义
在查看命令帮助时,会出现[],<>,|等符号,它们的含义如下:
[] 表示是可选的;
<> 表示可变选项,一般是多选一,而且必须是要选其一。
x|y|z 多选一,如果加上[],可不选。
-abc 多选,如果加上[],可不选。
三、常见命令格式的举例说明
对于命令格式中常常可以看到如下的格式:
1、[ --atime-preserve ],表示一个可选选项。
2、[ -B, --read-full-records ],表示一个可选选项,简写为-B,完整写法是--read-full-records,两者在用的时候只能选择其一,它们的功能都是完全一样的。
一般带“-”开头的选项都是简写,“--”开头的命令都是完整写法,并且,一般的选择都有一个简写,一个完整写法,简写写在前面,完整写法写在后面,中间用逗号分割。
3、[ -b, --blocking-factor N ],表示一个可选选项,简写为-b N,完整写法是--blocking-factor N,N代表这个参数需要一个值,在详细描述中可以看到。
当然,选项可以带参数,也可以不带参数,大部分选项是没有参数的,相当于控制开关。命令的书写如:tar -b=10000 -cvf com.tar.gz com
4、[ -F, --info-script F --new-volume-script F ],表示有两个同时存在的可选命令,-F F --new-volume-script F,两个选项必须同时出现,
在此,后面的选项没有简写。
5、[ -z, --gzip, --gunzip, --ungzip ],表示一个可选选项,它的写法有多种,除了-z之外,其他的都是它的完整写法。
6、[ -[0-7][lmh] ],表示嵌套的可选选项,0-7表示取值从0到7取一个。
四、通过tar命令行来解读Unix命令:
[kf139@HA5-139JK bin]$ man tar
TAR(1) tar TAR(1)
NAME(名称)
tar - The GNU version of the tar archiving utility
SYNOPSIS(大纲)
tar <operation> [options]
Operations:(操作选项)
[-]A --catenate --concatenate
[-]c --create
[-]d --diff --compare
[-]r --append
[-]t --list
[-]u --update
[-]x --extract --get
--delete
Common Options:(公共选项)
-C, --directory DIR
-f, --file F
-j, --bzip2
-p, --preserve-permissions
-v, --verbose
-z, --gzip
All Options:(所有选项)
[ --atime-preserve ] [ -b, --blocking-factor N ] [ -B, --read-full-records ] [ --backup BACKUP-TYPE ] [ --block-compress ] [ -C,
--directory DIR ] [ --check-links ] [ --checkpoint ] [ -f, --file [HOSTNAME:]F ] [ -F, --info-script F --new-volume-script F ] [
--force-local ] [ --format FORMAT ] [ -g, --listed-incremental F ] [ -G, --incremental ] [ --group GROUP ] [ -h, --dereference ] [
--help ] [ -i, --ignore-zeros ] [ --ignore-case ] [ --ignore-failed-read ] [ --index-file FILE ] [ -j, --bzip2 ] [ -k, --keep-old-
files ] [ -K, --starting-file F ] [ --keep-newer-files ] [ -l, --one-file-system ] [ -L, --tape-length N ] [ -m, --touch, --modifica-
tion-time ] [ -M, --multi-volume ] [ --mode PERMISSIONS ] [ -N, --after-date DATE, --newer DATE ] [ --newer-mtime DATE ] [ --no-
anchored ] [ --no-ignore-case ] [ --no-recursion ] [ --no-same-permissions ] [ --no-wildcards ] [ --no-wildcards-match-slash ] [
--null ] [ --numeric-owner ] [ -o, --old-archive, --portability, --no-same-owner ] [ -O, --to-stdout ] [ --occurrence NUM ] [
--overwrite ] [ --overwrite-dir ] [ --owner USER ] [ -p, --same-permissions, --preserve-permissions ] [ -P, --absolute-names ] [
--pax-option KEYWORD-LIST ] [ --posix ] [ --preserve ] [ --acls ] [ --selinux ] [ --xattrs ] [ --no-acls ] [ --no-selinux ] [ --no-
xattrs ] [ -R, --block-number ] [ --record-size SIZE ] [ --recursion ] [ --recursive-unlink ] [ --remove-files ] [ --rmt-command CMD ]
[ --rsh-command CMD ] [ -s, --same-order, --preserve-order ] [ -S, --sparse ] [ --same-owner ] [ --show-defaults ] [ --show-omitted-
dirs ] [ --strip-components NUMBER, --strip-path NUMBER (1) ] [ --suffix SUFFIX ] [ -T, --files-from F ] [ --totals ] [ -U,
--unlink-first ] [ --use-compress-program PROG ] [ --utc ] [ -v, --verbose ] [ -V, --label NAME ] [ --version ] [ --volno-file F ] [
-w, --interactive, --confirmation ] [ -W, --verify ] [ --wildcards ] [ --wildcards-match-slash ] [ --exclude PATTERN ] [ -X,
--exclude-from FILE ] [ -Z, --compress, --uncompress ] [ -z, --gzip, --gunzip, --ungzip ] [ -[0-7][lmh] ]
(1) tar-1.14 uses --strip-path, tar-1.14.90+ uses --strip-components
DESCRIPTION(描述)
This manual page documents the GNU version of tar, an archiving program designed to store and extract files from an archive file known
as a tarfile. A tarfile may be made on a tape drive, however, it is also common to write a tarfile to a normal file. The first argu-
ment to tar must be one of the options Acdrtux, followed by any optional functions. The final arguments to tar are the names of the
files or directories which should be archived. The use of a directory name always implies that the subdirectories below should be
included in the archive.
EXAMPLES(例子)
tar -xvf foo.tar
verbosely extract foo.tar
tar -xzf foo.tar.gz
extract gzipped foo.tar.gz
tar -cjf foo.tar.bz2 bar/
create bzipped tar archive of the directory bar called foo.tar.bz2
tar -xjf foo.tar.bz2 -C bar/
extract bzipped foo.tar.bz2 after changing directory to bar
tar -xzf foo.tar.gz blah.txt
extract the file blah.txt from foo.tar.gz
FUNCTION LETTERS(功能选项)
One of the following options must be used:
-A, --catenate, --concatenate
append tar files to an archive
-c, --create
create a new archive
-d, --diff, --compare
find differences between archive and file system
-r, --append
append files to the end of an archive
-t, --list
list the contents of an archive
-u, --update
only append files that are newer than the existing in archive
-x, --extract, --get
extract files from an archive
--delete
delete from the archive (not for use on mag tapes!)
COMMON OPTIONS(公共选项)
-C, --directory DIR
change to directory DIR
-f, --file [HOSTNAME:]F
use archive file or device F (default "-", meaning stdin/stdout)
-j, --bzip2
filter archive through bzip2, use to decompress .bz2 files
-p, --preserve-permissions
extract all protection information
-v, --verbose
verbosely list files processed
-z, --gzip, --ungzip
filter the archive through gzip
ALL OPTIONS(所有选项)
--atime-preserve
don’t change access times on dumped files
-b, --blocking-factor N
block size of Nx512 bytes (default N=20)
-B, --read-full-blocks
reblock as we read (for reading 4.2BSD pipes)
--backup BACKUP-TYPE
backup files instead of deleting them using BACKUP-TYPE simple or numbered
--block-compress
block the output of compression program for tapes
-C, --directory DIR
change to directory DIR
--check-links
warn if number of hard links to the file on the filesystem mismatch the number of links recorded in the archive
--checkpoint
print directory names while reading the archive
-f, --file [HOSTNAME:]F
use archive file or device F (default "-", meaning stdin/stdout)
-F, --info-script F --new-volume-script F
run script at end of each tape (implies --multi-volume)
--force-local
archive file is local even if has a colon
--format FORMAT
selects output archive format
v7 - Unix V7
oldgnu - GNU tar <=1.12
gnu - GNU tar 1.13
ustar - POSIX.1-1988
posix - POSIX.1-2001
-g, --listed-incremental F
create/list/extract new GNU-format incremental backup
-G, --incremental
create/list/extract old GNU-format incremental backup
-h, --dereference
don’t dump symlinks; dump the files they point to
--help like this manpage, but not as cool
-i, --ignore-zeros
ignore blocks of zeros in archive (normally mean EOF)
--ignore-case
ignore case when excluding files
--ignore-failed-read
don’t exit with non-zero status on unreadable files
--index-file FILE
send verbose output to FILE instead of stdout
-j, --bzip2
filter archive through bzip2, use to decompress .bz2 files
-k, --keep-old-files
keep existing files; don’t overwrite them from archive
-K, --starting-file F
begin at file F in the archive
--keep-newer-files
do not overwrite files which are newer than the archive
-l, --one-file-system
stay in local file system when creating an archive
-L, --tape-length N
change tapes after writing N*1024 bytes
-m, --touch, --modification-time
don’t extract file modified time
-M, --multi-volume
create/list/extract multi-volume archive
--mode PERMISSIONS
apply PERMISSIONS while adding files (see chmod(1))
-N, --after-date DATE, --newer DATE
only store files newer than DATE
--newer-mtime DATE
like --newer, but with a DATE
--no-anchored
match any subsequenceof the name’s components with --exclude
--no-ignore-case
use case-sensitive matching with --exclude
--no-recursion
don’t recurse into directories
--no-same-permissions
apply user’s umask when extracting files instead of recorded permissions
--no-wildcards
don’t use wildcards with --exclude
--no-wildcards-match-slash
wildcards do not match slashes (/) with --exclude
--null --files-from reads null-terminated names, disable --directory
--numeric-owner
always use numbers for user/group names
-o, --old-archive, --portability
like --format=v7; -o exhibits this behavior when creating an archive (deprecated behavior)
-o, --no-same-owner
do not attempt to restore ownership when extracting; -o exhibits this behavior when extracting an archive
-O, --to-stdout
extract files to standard output
--occurrence NUM
process only NUM occurrences of each named file; used with --delete, --diff, --extract, or --list
--overwrite
overwrite existing files and directory metadata when extracting
--overwrite-dir
overwrite directory metadata when extracting
--owner USER
change owner of extraced files to USER
-p, --same-permissions, --preserve-permissions
extract all protection information
-P, --absolute-names
don’t strip leading ‘/’s from file names
--pax-option KEYWORD-LIST
used only with POSIX.1-2001 archives to modify the way tar handles extended header keywords
--posix
like --format=posix
--preserve
like --preserve-permissions --same-order
--acls this option causes tar to store each file’s ACLs in the archive.
--selinux
this option causes tar to store each file’s SELinux security context information in the archive.
--xattrs
this option causes tar to store each file’s extended attributes in the archive. This option also enables --acls and--selinux if
they haven’t been set already, due to the fact that the data for those are stored in special xattrs.
--no-acls
This option causes tar not to store each file’s ACLs in the archive and not to extract any ACL information in an archive.
--no-selinux
this option causes tar not to store each file’s SELinux security context information in the archive and not to extract any
SELinux information in an archive.
--no-xattrs
this option causes tar not to store each file’s extended attributes in the archive and not to extract any extended attributes
in an archive. This option also enables --no-acls and --no-selinux if they haven’t been set already.
-R, --record-number
show record number within archive with each message
--record-size SIZE
use SIZE bytes per record when accessing archives
--recursion
recurse into directories
--recursive-unlink
remove existing directories before extracting directories of the same name
--remove-files
remove files after adding them to the archive
--rmt-command CMD
use CMD instead of the default /usr/sbin/rmt
--rsh-command CMD
use remote CMD instead of rsh(1)
-s, --same-order, --preserve-order
list of names to extract is sorted to match archive
-S, --sparse
handle sparse files efficiently
--same-owner
create extracted files with the same ownership
--show-defaults
display the default options used by tar
--show-omitted-dirs
print directories tar skips while operating on an archive
--strip-components NUMBER, --strip-path NUMBER
strip NUMBER of leading components from file names before extraction
(1) tar-1.14 uses --strip-path, tar-1.14.90+ uses --strip-components
--suffix SUFFIX
use SUFFIX instead of default ’~’ when backing up files
-T, --files-from F
get names to extract or create from file F
--totals
print total bytes written with --create
-U, --unlink-first
remove existing files before extracting files of the same name
--use-compress-program PROG
access the archive through PROG which is generally a compression program
--utc display file modification dates in UTC
-v, --verbose
verbosely list files processed
-V, --label NAME
create archive with volume name NAME
--version
print tar program version number
--volno-file F
keep track of which volume of a multi-volume archive its working in FILE; used with --multi-volume
-w, --interactive, --confirmation
ask for confirmation for every action
-W, --verify
attempt to verify the archive after writing it
--wildcards
use wildcards with --exclude
--wildcards-match-slash
wildcards match slashes (/) with --exclude
--exclude PATTERN
exclude files based upon PATTERN
-X, --exclude-from FILE
exclude files listed in FILE
-Z, --compress, --uncompress
filter the archive through compress
-z, --gzip, --gunzip, --ungzip
filter the archive through gzip
--use-compress-program PROG
filter the archive through PROG (which must accept -d)
-[0-7][lmh]
specify drive and density
BUGS(缺陷)
The GNU folks, in general, abhor man pages, and create info documents instead. The maintainer of tar falls into this category. Thus
this man page may not be complete, nor current, and was included in the Red Hat CVS tree because man is a great tool :). This man
page was first taken from Debian Linux and has since been loving updated here.
REPORTING BUGS(报道中的缺陷)
Please report bugs via https://bugzilla.redhat.com
SEE ALSO(参考)
The full documentation for tar is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the info and tar programs are properly installed at your site,
the command
info tar
should give you access to the complete manual.
AUTHORS(作者)
Debian Linux http://www.debian.org/
Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org>
GNU Oct 2004 TAR(1)
上面的tar命令用法很复杂,可以看个简单的rm删除命令:
[kf139@HA5-139JK bin]$ man rm
RM(1) User Commands RM(1)
NAME
rm - remove files or directories
SYNOPSIS
rm [OPTION]... FILE...
DESCRIPTION
This manual page documents the GNU version of rm. rm removes each specified file. By default, it does not remove directories.
If a file is unwritable, the standard input is a tty, and the -f or --force option is not given, rm prompts the user for whether to
remove the file. If the response is not affirmative, the file is skipped.
OPTIONS
Remove (unlink) the FILE(s).
-f, --force
ignore nonexistent files, never prompt
-i, --interactive
prompt before any removal
--no-preserve-root do not treat ‘/’ specially (the default)
--preserve-root
fail to operate recursively on ‘/’
-r, -R, --recursive
remove directories and their contents recursively
-v, --verbose
explain what is being done
--help display this help and exit
--version
output version information and exit
By default, rm does not remove directories. Use the --recursive (-r or -R) option to remove each listed directory, too, along with
all of its contents.
To remove a file whose name starts with a ‘-’, for example ‘-foo’, use one of these commands:
rm -- -foo
rm ./-foo
Note that if you use rm to remove a file, it is usually possible to recover the contents of that file. If you want more assurance
that the contents are truly unrecoverable, consider using shred.
AUTHOR
Written by Paul Rubin, David MacKenzie, Richard Stallman, and Jim Meyering.
REPORTING BUGS
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils@gnu.org>.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software. You may redistribute copies of it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
SEE ALSO
chattr(1), shred(1)
The full documentation for rm is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the info and rm programs are properly installed at your site, the
command
info rm
should give you access to the complete manual.
rm 5.97 July 2009 RM(1)
五、Linux命令和Unix命令格式大致都一样,不同的系统,命令也可能不同。有些命令虽然选项很多,但不一定全支持。用的时候还是多试试为好,实践才是最可靠的检验标准,本文旨在让初学者能快速看懂man打印出命令帮助。欢迎拍砖!
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