如何：声明、实例化和使用委托（C# 编程指南）

委托的声明如下所示：

C#

 

public delegate void Del<T>(T item);
public void Notify(int i) { }

C#

 

Del<int> d1 = new Del<int>(Notify);

在 C# 2.0 中，还可以使用下面的简化语法来声明委托：

C#

 

Del<int> d2 = Notify;

下面的示例阐释声明、实例化和使用委托。BookDB 类封装一个书店数据库，它维护一个书籍数据库。它公开 ProcessPaperbackBooks 方法，该方法在数据库中查找所有平装书，并对每本平装书调用一个委托。所使用的 delegate 类型称为 ProcessBookDelegate。Test 类使用该类输出平装书的书名和平均价格。

委托的使用促进了书店数据库和客户代码之间功能的良好分隔。客户代码不知道书籍的存储方式和书店代码查找平装书的方式。书店代码也不知道找到平装书后将对平装书进行什么处理。

示例

C#

 

// A set of classes for handling a bookstore:
namespace Bookstore
{
    using System.Collections;

    // Describes a book in the book list:
    public struct Book
    {
        public string Title;        // Title of the book.
        public string Author;       // Author of the book.
        public decimal Price;       // Price of the book.
        public bool Paperback;      // Is it paperback?

        public Book(string title, string author, decimal price, bool paperBack)
        {
            Title = title;
            Author = author;
            Price = price;
            Paperback = paperBack;
        }
    }

    // Declare a delegate type for processing a book:
    public delegate void ProcessBookDelegate(Book book);

    // Maintains a book database.
    public class BookDB
    {
        // List of all books in the database:
        ArrayList list = new ArrayList();

        // Add a book to the database:
        public void AddBook(string title, string author, decimal price, bool paperBack)
        {
            list.Add(new Book(title, author, price, paperBack));
        }

        // Call a passed-in delegate on each paperback book to process it: 
        public void ProcessPaperbackBooks(ProcessBookDelegate processBook)
        {
            foreach (Book b in list)
            {
                if (b.Paperback)
                    // Calling the delegate:
                    processBook(b);
            }
        }
    }
}


// Using the Bookstore classes:
namespace BookTestClient
{
    using Bookstore;

    // Class to total and average prices of books:
    class PriceTotaller
    {
        int countBooks = 0;
        decimal priceBooks = 0.0m;

        internal void AddBookToTotal(Book book)
        {
            countBooks += 1;
            priceBooks += book.Price;
        }

        internal decimal AveragePrice()
        {
            return priceBooks / countBooks;
        }
    }

    // Class to test the book database:
    class TestBookDB
    {
        // Print the title of the book.
        static void PrintTitle(Book b)
        {
            System.Console.WriteLine("   {0}", b.Title);
        }

        // Execution starts here.
        static void Main()
        {
            BookDB bookDB = new BookDB();

            // Initialize the database with some books:
            AddBooks(bookDB);

            // Print all the titles of paperbacks:
            System.Console.WriteLine("Paperback Book Titles:");

            // Create a new delegate object associated with the static 
            // method Test.PrintTitle:
            bookDB.ProcessPaperbackBooks(PrintTitle);

            // Get the average price of a paperback by using
            // a PriceTotaller object:
            PriceTotaller totaller = new PriceTotaller();

            // Create a new delegate object associated with the nonstatic 
            // method AddBookToTotal on the object totaller:
            bookDB.ProcessPaperbackBooks(totaller.AddBookToTotal);

            System.Console.WriteLine("Average Paperback Book Price: ${0:#.##}",
                    totaller.AveragePrice());
        }

        // Initialize the book database with some test books:
        static void AddBooks(BookDB bookDB)
        {
            bookDB.AddBook("The C Programming Language", "Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie", 19.95m, true);
            bookDB.AddBook("The Unicode Standard 2.0", "The Unicode Consortium", 39.95m, true);
            bookDB.AddBook("The MS-DOS Encyclopedia", "Ray Duncan", 129.95m, false);
            bookDB.AddBook("Dogbert's Clues for the Clueless", "Scott Adams", 12.00m, true);
        }
    }
}

输出

Paperback Book Titles:
   The C Programming Language
   The Unicode Standard 2.0
   Dogbert's Clues for the Clueless
Average Paperback Book Price: $23.97

可靠编程

• 声明委托。

  下列语句：

  C#

   

  public delegate void ProcessBookDelegate(Book book);
  
  

  声明一个新的委托类型。每个委托类型都描述参数的数目和类型，以及它可以封装的方法的返回值类型。每当需要一组新的参数类型或新的返回值类型时，都必须声明一个新的委托类型。

• 实例化委托。

  声明了委托类型后，必须创建委托对象并使之与特定方法关联。在上面的示例中，这是通过将 PrintTitle 方法传递给 ProcessPaperbackBooks 方法来完成的，如下所示：

  C#

   

  bookDB.ProcessPaperbackBooks(PrintTitle);
  
  

  这将创建与静态方法 Test.PrintTitle 关联的新委托对象。类似地，对象 totaller 的非静态方法 AddBookToTotal 是按如下方式传递的：

  C#

   

  bookDB.ProcessPaperbackBooks(totaller.AddBookToTotal);
  
  

  在两个示例中，都向 ProcessPaperbackBooks 方法传递了一个新的委托对象。

  委托一旦创建，它的关联方法就不能更改；委托对象是不可变的。

• 调用委托。

  创建委托对象后，通常将委托对象传递给将调用该委托的其他代码。通过委托对象的名称（后面跟着要传递给委托的参数，括在括号内）调用委托对象。下面是委托调用的示例：

  C#

   

  processBook(b);
  
  

  与本例一样，可以通过使用 BeginInvoke 和 EndInvoke 方法同步或异步调用委托。