Java多线程 5.栅栏
5.1 ReadMe
此文线程和任务可以理解为一个意思;
Java中一般通过CountDownLantch和CyclicBarrier来解决线程(任务)之间依赖的问题,栅栏特指CyclicBarrier类,因为CountDownLatch可以实现类似功能,所以在此放到一块讲解;
在任务A依赖任务B的这种场景可以使用Object的wait和notify来实现,但是如果任务A依赖任务B、C、D多个任务的场景,使用Object的wait和notify就难以实现,例如运动会10个人长跑(看作10个长跑任务),公布总排名这个任务就依赖至少9个长跑任务结束,这种场景适合使用CountDownLatch;
结合实际开发过程,更多的场景是A、B、C多个任务同时执行,但是A、B、C任务在执行过程中的某一个点相互依赖,例如一个需求分为前段开发和后端开发,前后端开始联调的时间点就是2个任务相互依赖的点,这种场景适合使用CyclicBarrier;
5.2 CountDownLatch
Latch是门闩的意思,要打开门需要打开门上的所有门闩,CountDownLatch可以理解为一个有多个门闩的门,每个门闩需要一个的线程打开;
代码实现举例:
1 import java.security.SecureRandom; 2 import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch; 3 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; 4 import java.util.concurrent.Executors; 5 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit; 6 7 /** 8 * CountDownLatch实例 9 */ 10 public class DemoCountDownLatch { 11 12 //参赛人数 / 门闩个数 13 private static final int COUNT_RUNNER = 3; 14 15 public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { 16 17 // 3人参加比赛 / 创建一个有3个门闩的门 18 CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(COUNT_RUNNER); 19 20 // 创建3人跑道 / 装上门 21 ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(COUNT_RUNNER); 22 23 for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { 24 executorService.submit(new Runner("runner" + i, countDownLatch)); 25 } 26 27 // 等待3人跑到终点 / 把3个门闩都锁上 28 countDownLatch.await(); 29 30 // 公布3人成绩 / 打开门了 31 System.out.println("all runner game over."); 32 } 33 34 static class Runner implements Runnable { 35 36 private String name; 37 38 private CountDownLatch countDownLatch; 39 40 public Runner(String name, CountDownLatch countDownLatch) { 41 this.name = name; 42 this.countDownLatch = countDownLatch; 43 } 44 45 @Override 46 public void run() { 47 try { 48 SecureRandom secureRandom = SecureRandom.getInstanceStrong(); 49 int runTime = Math.abs(secureRandom.nextInt()) % 10; 50 TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(runTime); 51 System.out.println(this.name + " game over cost " + runTime + " second."); 52 } catch (Exception e) { 53 e.printStackTrace(); 54 } 55 56 // 跑到终点 / 打开门闩 57 this.countDownLatch.countDown(); 58 } 59 } 60 }
说明:
1. 一个CountDownLatch对象后只能使用一次,也就是说不能工作同一个CountDownLatch对象来重复控制线程的依赖问题;
2.上面的例子中如果有长跑运动员中途放弃比赛,是否永远不能公布总的比赛成绩? CountDownLatch的await可以有入参(timeout, TimeUnit)表示最长等待时间;
5.3 CyclicBarrier
CyclicBarrier是循环栅栏的的意思,循环表示同一个CyclicBarrier可以重复使用(区别于CountDownLatch),Barrier栅栏可以理解为线程相互依赖的那个点(例如前后端联调时间点),各个线程在那个点相互等待,等所有线程到达点后才继续执行;
代码实现举例:
1 import java.time.Instant; 2 import java.util.concurrent.*; 3 4 /** 5 * 前端开发倩倩和后端开发厚厚开发一个需求 6 * 两人先独自开发需求,等都开发完再一块联调功能 7 */ 8 public class DemoCyclicBarrier 9 { 10 public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException 11 { 12 13 // 创建栅栏,参数一为相互依赖的任务数;参数二为各任务到达依赖点后先执行的任务,等任务执行结束相互依赖的任务继续执行 14 CyclicBarrier cyclicBarrier = new CyclicBarrier(2, () -> { 15 System.out.println("准备开始联调吧..."); 16 lastSecond(3L); 17 }); 18 19 // 创建线程池执行2个任务 20 ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2); 21 executorService.execute(new Coder(10L, "后端", cyclicBarrier)); 22 executorService.execute(new Coder(3L, "前端", cyclicBarrier)); 23 } 24 25 /** 26 * 线程持续second秒 27 */ 28 private static void lastSecond(long second) 29 { 30 Instant instant = Instant.now(); 31 while (Instant.now().minusSeconds(second).isBefore(instant)) 32 { 33 } 34 } 35 36 static class Coder implements Runnable 37 { 38 // 完成工作需要的时间 39 private long workTime; 40 41 private String name; 42 43 private CyclicBarrier cyclicBarrier; 44 45 public Coder(long workTime, String name, CyclicBarrier cyclicBarrier) 46 { 47 this.workTime = workTime; 48 this.name = name; 49 this.cyclicBarrier = cyclicBarrier; 50 } 51 52 @Override 53 public void run() 54 { 55 try 56 { 57 System.out.println(this.name + " are coding..."); 58 lastSecond(this.workTime); 59 System.out.println(this.name + " code end wait debugging.."); 60 // 完成工作/到达依赖的点/我这边可以开始联调了 61 this.cyclicBarrier.await(); 62 System.out.println("we are debugging.."); 63 64 } 65 catch (InterruptedException e) 66 { 67 // 当前线程被中断 68 e.printStackTrace(); 69 } 70 catch (BrokenBarrierException e) 71 { 72 // 1.其他线程中断;2.其他线程await方法超时;3.cyclicBarrier重置 73 e.printStackTrace(); 74 } 75 // catch (TimeoutException e) 76 // { 77 // //当前线程的await方法超时(await方法设置超时参数) 78 // e.printStackTrace(); 79 // } 80 } 81 } 82 }
说明:
1.CyclicBarrier作为循环栅栏,同一个对象可以循环使用;
2.上面例子中前端开发人员很短时间开发结束,通过await()一直在等待后端开发结束,可以通过await(timeout, TimeUnit)来设置最长等待时间;
3. 可以通过CyclicBarrier的getNumberWaiting()查看到达依赖点的任务;
4.CyclicBarrier构造方法的第二个参数指定的任务A,在其他相互依赖的任务到达依赖点后,任务A优先执行,并且是执行结束,其他任务才继续执行;
5.4 CyclicBarrier&CountDownLatch举例
1 import java.time.Instant; 2 import java.util.concurrent.*; 3 4 public class Demo_CyclicBarrier_CountDownLatch 5 { 6 private static final int COUNT_WORKER = 2; 7 8 public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException 9 { 10 CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(COUNT_WORKER); 11 CyclicBarrier cyclicBarrier = new CyclicBarrier(COUNT_WORKER, () -> { 12 System.out.println("准备开始联调吧..."); 13 lastSecond(3L); 14 }); 15 16 ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2); 17 executorService.execute(new Coder(10L, "后端", countDownLatch, cyclicBarrier)); 18 executorService.execute(new Coder(3L, "前端", countDownLatch, cyclicBarrier)); 19 20 countDownLatch.await(); 21 System.out.println("开发联调结束,需求交付..."); 22 } 23 24 /** 25 * 线程持续second秒 26 */ 27 private static void lastSecond(long second) 28 { 29 Instant instant = Instant.now(); 30 while (Instant.now().minusSeconds(second).isBefore(instant)) 31 { 32 } 33 } 34 35 static class Coder implements Runnable 36 { 37 // 开发联调时间 38 private long workTime; 39 40 private String name; 41 42 private CountDownLatch countDownLatch; 43 44 private CyclicBarrier cyclicBarrier; 45 46 public Coder(long workTime, String name, CountDownLatch countDownLatch, CyclicBarrier cyclicBarrier) 47 { 48 this.workTime = workTime; 49 this.name = name; 50 this.countDownLatch = countDownLatch; 51 this.cyclicBarrier = cyclicBarrier; 52 } 53 54 @Override 55 public void run() 56 { 57 try 58 { 59 System.out.println(this.name + " are coding..."); 60 lastSecond(this.workTime); 61 System.out.println(this.name + " code end wait debugging.."); 62 63 this.cyclicBarrier.await(); 64 65 System.out.println(this.name + " are debugging.."); 66 lastSecond(this.workTime); 67 68 System.out.println(this.name + " debug end.."); 69 this.countDownLatch.countDown(); 70 } 71 catch (Exception e) 72 { 73 e.printStackTrace(); 74 } 75 } 76 } 77 }