从MYSQL的ibtmp1文件太大说起

1.  啥情况呀

测试环境机器磁盘空间不足的告警打破了下午的沉寂,一群人开始忙活着删数据。但是,不久前刚清理了一波数据,测试环境在没做压测的情况下不至于短短一个月不到就涨了200G数据,于是,我悄悄的进入数据目录下,发现一个不寻常的点,ibtmp1文件有192G

 ll -h  ibtmp1 
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 192G Aug 12 16:20 ibtmp1

2.   怎么处理

2.1  简单说明

ibtmp1是非压缩的innodb临时表的独立表空间,通过innodb_temp_data_file_path参数指定文件的路径,文件名和大小,默认配置为ibtmp1:12M:autoextend,也就是说在支持大文件的系统这个文件大小是可以无限增长的。

2.2  解决办法

a)  找个空闲时间关闭数据

#  设置innodb_fast_shutdown参数
SET GLOBAL innodb_fast_shutdown = 0;  # 此步骤可以省略
#  关闭数据库实例
shutdown;   #  因本实例为MySQL5.7  可以直接在SQL命令行中shutdown关闭

关闭后ibtmp1文件会自动清理

b)  修改my.cnf配置文件

为了避免ibtmp1文件无止境的暴涨导致再次出现此情况,可以修改参数,限制其文件最大尺寸。

如果文件大小达到上限时,需要生成临时表的SQL无法被执行(一般这种SQL效率也比较低,可借此机会进行优化)

 innodb_temp_data_file_path = ibtmp1:12M:autoextend:max:5G  # 12M代表文件初始大小,5G代表最大size

c) 启动mysql服务

启动数据库后可以查一下是否生效

mysql> show  variables like 'innodb_temp_data_file_path';
+----------------------------+-------------------------------+
| Variable_name              | Value                         |
+----------------------------+-------------------------------+
| innodb_temp_data_file_path | ibtmp1:12M:autoextend:max:5G |
+----------------------------+-------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

 

 3.  什么情况下会用到临时表

EXPLAIN 查看执行计划结果的 Extra 列中,如果包含 Using Temporary 就表示会用到临时表,例如如下几种常见的情况通常就会用到:

a)  GROUP BY 无索引字段或GROUP  BY+ ORDER  BY 的子句字段不一样时

/**  先看一下表结构 */
mysql> show  create table  test_tmp1\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
       Table: test_tmp1
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `test_tmp1` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `name` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `col2` varchar(25) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  KEY `name` (`name`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=16 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

/**  group  by无索引字段*/
mysql> explain select * from test_tmp1 group by  col2 ;
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+---------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table     | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                           |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+---------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | test_tmp1 | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    8 |   100.00 | Using temporary; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+---------------------------------+


/**  group by 与order by字段不一致时,及时group by和order by字段有索引也会使用 */
mysql> explain select name from test_tmp1 group by  name order by id desc;
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table     | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                                                     |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | test_tmp1 | NULL       | range | name          | name | 153     | NULL |    3 |   100.00 | Using index for group-by; Using temporary; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.02 sec)

 

b)  order by  与distinct 共用,其中distinct与order by里的字段不一致(主键字段除外)

/**  例子中有无索引时会存在,如果2个字段都有索引会如何*/
mysql> alter table  test_tmp1 add key col2(col2);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.07 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

/**   结果如下,其实该写法与group by +order by 一样*/
mysql> explain select distinct col2  from test_tmp1 order  by  name;
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+---------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table     | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                           |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+---------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | test_tmp1 | NULL       | index | col2          | col2 | 78      | NULL |    8 |   100.00 | Using temporary; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+---------------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

 c)  UNION查询(MySQL5.7后union all已不使用临时表)

/**  先测一下union all的情况*/

mysql> explain select name from test_tmp1 union all  select name from test_tmp1 where id <10;
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table     | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | PRIMARY     | test_tmp1 | NULL       | index | NULL          | name    | 153     | NULL |    8 |   100.00 | Using index |
|  2 | UNION       | test_tmp1 | NULL       | range | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | NULL |    8 |   100.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec)

/**  再看一下union 作为对比,发现出现了使用临时表的情况*/
mysql> explain select name from test_tmp1 union   select name from test_tmp1 where id <10;
+----+--------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
| id | select_type  | table      | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra           |
+----+--------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
|  1 | PRIMARY      | test_tmp1  | NULL       | index | NULL          | name    | 153     | NULL |    8 |   100.00 | Using index     |
|  2 | UNION        | test_tmp1  | NULL       | range | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | NULL |    8 |   100.00 | Using where     |
| NULL | UNION RESULT | <union1,2> | NULL       | ALL   | NULL        | NULL    | NULL    | NULL | NULL |     NULL | Using temporary |
+----+--------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
3 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

d)  insert into select ...from ...

/**  简单看一下本表的数据重复插入的情况 */

mysql> explain insert into test_tmp1(name,col2)  select name,col2 from test_tmp1;
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
| id | select_type | table     | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra           |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
|  1 | INSERT      | test_tmp1 | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | NULL |     NULL | NULL            |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | test_tmp1 | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    8 |   100.00 | Using temporary |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

小结:  上面列举的是最常见的使用临时表的情况,其中基本都是引起慢查询的因素,因此,如果遇到临时表空间文件暴涨是需要查看一下是否有大量的慢查询。

 

4.  和临时表空间相关的参数有哪些

各参数之间相互影响,其中直接影响临时表空间的参数如要有如下几个

innodb_temp_data_file_path 
tmp_table_size
max_heap_table_size
default_tmp_storage_engine
internal_tmp_disk_storage_engine

 

5.  下面来模拟一个ibtmp1文件快速膨胀的例子

5.1  调整参数值

上面列出了主要的参数,那么先调整一下参数,以便于模拟

tmp_table_size = 16M
innodb_temp_data_file_path = ibtmp1:12M:autoextend:max:5G

调整后重启数据库

5.2   造一批数据

/**  造一张表或者从其他表复制一批数据,为了方便模拟,可以不创建主键及索引*/
mysql> create table test_tmp3 select  * from db1.tbname;
Query OK, 15948372 rows affected (2 min 27.24 sec)
Records: 15948372  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

此时查看一下ibtmp1文件的大小

ll -h ibtmp1 
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 12M Aug 15 16:06 ibtmp1  /**  此时是默认的初始大小*/

5.2  使用insert into ... select * from ...的方式插入

/**  此方式将会使用临时表空间,且 tmp_table_size参数已调小为16M,本表当前有2G多,所以会使用临时表空间*/
mysql> insert into  test_tmp3 select  * from test_tmp3 ;
Query OK, 15948372 rows affected (2 min 7.40 sec)
Records: 15948372  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

此时 查看一下ibtmp1文件的大小

 ll -h ibtmp1 
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 2.8G Aug 15 16:17 ibtmp1  /**  此时已使用了2.8G*/

此时该表的size如下

 ll -h bak_db/test_tmp3*                          /**   结果中已有5.8G*/
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 8.9K Aug 15 16:04 bak_db/test_tmp3.frm
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 5.8G Aug 15 16:16 bak_db/test_tmp3.ibd

 

5.3  继续测试,看看会发生什么

因为ibtmp1当前设置的最大值为5G,继续复制一个5.8G的数据,会不会异常,如果异常有什么表现?

/**   继续插入时 因临时表空间大小有限制,超过5G后将异常,信息如下*/
mysql> insert into  test_tmp3 select  * from test_tmp3;
ERROR 1114 (HY000): The table '/app/data/mysql3306/tmp/#sql_32469_0' is full

此时 查看一下ibtmp1文件的大小

 ll -h ibtmp1 
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 5.0G Aug 15 16:17 ibtmp1  /**  此时已使用了5.0G,已达到上限*/

数据库日志里也会记录本次异常

2019-08-15T08:23:47.016495Z 3 [ERROR] /usr/local/mysql5.7/bin/mysqld: The table '/app/data/mysql3306/tmp/#sql_32469_0' is full

 

以上测试实例因不同的版本可能会有差异,建议大家亲自测试一下。

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posted @ 2019-08-15 16:45  耿小厨  阅读(13990)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报
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