情态动词、非谓语动词、虚拟语气、独立主格结构

 

非谓语动词：不定式、动名词、现在分词/过去分词，分词句

动词不定式：to do；可以做主语、宾语、补语、定语、表语和状语
主语：To get there by bike will take us three hours.
宾语：The driver failed to see the car in time.
宾补：We believe him to be guilty.
定语：The next train to arrive is from Beijing.
表语：My suggestion is to put off the meeting.
状语：I come here only to say goodbye to you.（目的状语）
动名词：doing可做名词动用，具有动词的特性和变化形式，但在句子中的用法及功能类同名词：可做主语、宾语、表语、定语
主语：Reading is an art.
宾语：They went on walking and never stopped talking.
表语：Your task is quickly cleaning the windows.
定语：This is a reading room.
动名词/不定式的否定形式：not to do/ not doing
He pretended not to see her. 　　He regrets not joining them.

真假主语/宾语：不定式或动名词可以在主语的位置上，但一般用it代替它做形式主语
It's a great honor to be invited.被邀请很荣幸
It's no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收
在宾语位置用it代替它做形式宾语：We think it important to learn English.
I found it pleasant walking in the park.

to不定式做目的状语：in order to + v句首句尾均可 so as to + v置于句尾
I have written it down in order to remember it.
He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.
否定：not to do； He said nothing so as not to be noticed.
含有不定式和动名词的固定结构：①too ...to.. 太..以至于不能... The room is too small to live.
② enough+n+to+v 或者 adj+enough+to+v：足够..可以..
There is enough food to eat. 　　The box is big enough to contain six apples.
③on doing：一...就... On seeing the snake，the girl was very frightened.
④There is no hope of doing：没希望... There is no hope of seeing him.
⑤feel like doing sth：想要... I feel like eating ice cream now.
⑥have a hard time doing sth：做..艰难。 They have a hard time solving the problem themselves.
分词用法：现在分词、过去分词、分词句
①doing可称为动名词或现在分词：Writing books is his job. He is writing a book.
②动词的过去分词：可用于完成时和被动语态当中：He has written the homework.　　 The homework is written.
③分词句是包含在分词和过去分词的分句：The students went out of the classroom，laughing and talking. 伴随状语
Accompanied by his friend，he went to the railway station.

He likes drinking coffee. //人是动作的发出者
Given better attention the plants could grow better. //植物被照料

It's hard for us to learn English Well.//hard不是修饰人用for
It's nice of you to help me.//nice修饰人用of
stop doing sth 停止做某事　　 stop to do sth 停止当前的事去做另一个件事
remember doing sth 记着做过某事（已做过）　　 remember to do sth 记着做某事（还没做）
forget doing sht 忘记做过某事了（已做过）　　 forget to do sth 忘记做某事
try doing sth 试着做某事 　　try to do sth 尽力做某事

I was sad to see her go away.

let / make / have sb do 

They saw someone play Chinese Kongfu yesterday.
You had better get a doctor to pull out your bad tooth.

stop sb from doing sth = keep sb from doing sth = prevent sb from doing sth.

//what to do / when to do / how to do /　　特殊 why do / why not do

be busy doing sth 忙于做某事　　be worth doing 值得做某事　　 finished doing sth 做完某事

I need a pen to write with；　　 I have sth to deal with； 　　They will have nowhere to live in.

two kinds (sorts) of books.

 a few (= several) 和a little (= some) 含肯定意义；　　 few (= not many) 和little (= not much)含否定意义。

独立主格结构

 

情态动词

 

虚拟语气