【最佳实践】prometheus 监控 sql server （使用sql_exporter）
【0】核心参考
sql_exporter使用、采集器源码： https://github.com/free/sql_exporter
MSSQL简略仪表盘：https://grafana.com/grafana/dashboards/9336
更多、更高级的sql server采集指标：https://github.com/influxdata/telegraf/tree/master/plugins/inputs/sqlserver?tdsourcetag=s_pctim_aiomsg
sql server 对象监控 参考：https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/sql/relational-databases/performance-monitor/use-sql-server-objects?view=sql-server-ver15
【简述】
MSSQL的监控，官网没有提供采集器，所以只能用其他程序来监控，本文就用了 sql-exporter。
它可以理解成一个远程连接数据库的工具，可以用它来连接sql server/mysql 等等数据库，并以SQL查询方式采集SQL查询结果。
SQL_Exporter 是中心化的，可以把对不同实例的agent链接，都放在一台linux服务器上，以便管理、修改。你想想看，如果你更新了采集指标，只需要在该台中心化服务器重启sql_exporter agent采集客户端即可生效。
不像其他 mysql/linux/windows采集器，他们是部署在实际被采集的服务器上的，如果你想要更新采集器（虽然它做的很好了，不需要更新。除此之外就是无法加入自定义的采集指标或者采集项），那么需要到那么多台被采集的客户端机器上去覆盖更新，很痛苦的。
【1】安装配置 sql_exporter
【1.1】下载解压 sql_exporter
下载：https://github.com/free/sql_exporter/releases
#wget https://github.com/free/sql_exporter/releases/download/0.5/sql_exporter-0.5.linux-amd64.tar.gz
mkdir /soft cd /soft wget https://github.com/free/sql_exporter/releases/download/0.5/sql_exporter-0.5.linux-amd64.tar.gz tar -zxf sql_exporter-0.5.linux-amd64.tar.gz ln -s sql_exporter-0.5.linux-amd64 sql_exporter cd sql_exporter
【1.2】修改配置文件
# Global defaults. global: # Subtracted from Prometheus' scrape_timeout to give us some headroom and prevent Prometheus from timing out first. scrape_timeout_offset: 500ms # Minimum interval between collector runs: by default (0s) collectors are executed on every scrape. min_interval: 0s # Maximum number of open connections to any one target. Metric queries will run concurrently on multiple connections, # as will concurrent scrapes. max_connections: 10 # Maximum number of idle connections to any one target. Unless you use very long collection intervals, this should # always be the same as max_connections. max_idle_connections: 5 # The target to monitor and the collectors to execute on it. target: # Data source name always has a URI schema that matches the driver name. In some cases (e.g. MySQL) # the schema gets dropped or replaced to match the driver expected DSN format.
# data_source_name: 'sqlserver://sql_exporter:a123456!@192.168.191.81:1433/?encrypt=disable' data_source_name: 'sqlserver://sa:a123456!@192.168.191.81:1433'
# Collectors (referenced by name) to execute on the target. collectors: [mssql_standard] # Collector files specifies a list of globs. One collector definition is read from each matching file. collector_files: - "*.collector.yml"
解析：
（1）global
收集器中允许最慢的SQL执行超时时间，注意该超时时间应小于prometheus中的 scrape_time
scrape_timeout_offset: 500ms #用于从 prometheus的 scrape_timeout 中减去一个偏移时间，防止 prometheus 先超时，如果设置了 scrape_timeout,scrape min_interval: 0s #收集器每隔0运行一次（默认情况下）收集器每隔0运行一次。 max_connections: 10 #到任何一个目标的最大打开连接数。采集器信息查询将在多个连接上并发运行， max_idle_connections: 5 #到任何一个目标的最大空闲连接数。除非使用很长的收集间隔，否则应该
（2）target
#数据源
data_source_name: 'sqlserver://sa:a123456!@192.168.191.81:1433'
（3）collector
#引用收集器文件
collector_files:
- "*.collector.yml"
【1.3】自带的sql server监控采集器
这里我们配置文件中 已经引用了 配置文件相同目录下的 "*.collector.yml"，所以该文件也被包含进来了。
【2】整合 prometheus + sql_exporter
那么这个东西其实是一个采集器啊，但是为什么不能放到windows上呢.......好吧，不管了好像没什么很好的windows采集器，自己也不会做，先用着吧
【2.1】修改prometheus.yml配置文件
【2.2】启动 sql_exporter
（1）封装成系统服务
[Unit] Description=sql_exporter [Service] Type=simple ExecStart=/soft/sql_exporter/sql_exporter -config.file /soft/sql_exporter/sql_exporter.yml Restart=on-failure [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target
（2）启动、查看
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl start sql_exporter
systemctl status sql_exporter -l
启动成功，并且 默认端口是 9399
【2.3】核验
http://192.168.175.131:9399/metrics
如下图，这就成功了啊
【3】结合 grafana 显示
【3.1】导入MSSQL模板
https://grafana.com/grafana/dashboards?dataSource=prometheus&search=mssql
导入这个 9336 模板
【3.2】查看仪表盘
最后结果：好像还行，但很多图表no data ，这个模板和采集器不是很配，有空可以自己配置修改一下
【4】自定义MSSQL
【4.0】MSSQL权限与监控账户
DECLARE @sql VARCHAR(max) SET @sql=CAST('use master;CREATE LOGIN [sql_exporter] WITH PASSWORD=N''qICJEasdqwDiOSrdT96'', DEFAULT_DATABASE=[master], CHECK_EXPIRATION=OFF, CHECK_POLICY=OFF; GRANT VIEW SERVER STATE TO [sql_exporter]; GRANT VIEW ANY DEFINITION TO [sql_exporter];' AS VARCHAR(max)) select @sql=@sql+CAST('use '+name+';CREATE USER [sql_exporter] FOR LOGIN [sql_exporter]; EXEC sp_addrolemember N''db_datareader'', N''sql_exporter'';'+CHAR(10) AS VARCHAR(max)) from master.sys.databases and state=0 EXEC(@sql)
防火墙什么的就不用我说了吧？
【4.1】自定义采集器
【4.2】采集器启动
布置在linux 中间节点，也可以直接布置在prometheus节点上
如果密码有特殊字符，在URL上使用报错，则参见附录，用特殊字符替换
比如密码： !@#$%^qwe123 转移成 %21%40%23%24%25%5Eqwe123
nohup /data/mssql/sql_exporter -config.data-source-name=sqlserver://sql_exporter:qICJEasdqwDiOSrdT96@10.112.5.106:1433/?encrypt=disable -config.file=/data/mssql/sql_exporter.yml -web.listen-address=127.0.0.1:9400 -log_dir=/data/mssql_log & nohup /data/mssql/sql_exporter -config.data-source-name=sqlserver://sql_exporter:qICJEasdqwDiOSrdT96@10.112.5.105:1433/?encrypt=disable -config.file=/data/mssql/sql_exporter.yml -web.listen-address=127.0.0.1:9401 -log_dir=/data/mssql_log &
【4.3】prometheus配置
因为是自定义，所以在job name中特地加了 mssql 关键字，以便【4.4】中的变量好获取到所有mssql 的job，以供筛选
- job_name: '大连娱网_mssql' static_configs: - targets: ['127.0.0.1:9400'] labels: name: '我是第一台机器DB[10.112.5.106]'
- targets: ['127.0.0.1:9401']
labels:
name: '我是第二台机器DB[10.112.5.10]'
这里的配置，要和【4.2】的相互对应，否则会采集出问题。
这里的name 为什么会写上IP呢，这是因为为了辨识是哪台机器，也是为了【4.4】中的大盘 仪表盘上可以显示出机器IP来，因为我们这个是自定义的，无法像官网提供的一样。其实我们这个有点类似于pushgateway
【4.4】自定义仪表盘
核心变量
骚气界面预览
【4.5】报警规则
groups: - name: MSSQL告警规则 rules: - alert: mssql引擎服务宕机 expr: windows_service_state{state="running",exported_name="mssqlserver"}!=1 for: 1m labels: severity: warning annotations: summary: "详细: {{ $labels }}" - alert: mssql代理服务宕机 expr: windows_service_state{exported_name="sqlserveragent",state="running"}!=1 for: 1m labels: severity: warning annotations: summary: "详细: {{ $labels }}" - alert: mssql引擎服务重启 expr: mssql_db_uptime < 3600 for: 1m labels: severity: warning annotations: summary: "详细: {{ $labels }}" description: "mssql引擎服务1小时内有过重启，现已重启{{ $value }} 秒" - alert: mssql数据库不可用/不可访问 expr: mssql_current_state_dbState !=0 for: 1m labels: severity: warning annotations: summary: "详细: {{ $labels }}" description: "db:{{ $labels.db }}\n value:{{ $labels.value }}={{ $value }} " - alert: mssql阻塞 expr: sum(mssql_current_state_blocking)>5 for: 1m labels: severity: warning annotations: summary: "详细: {{ $labels }}" description: "mssql请求阻塞数>5，当前：{{ $value }} " - alert: mssql请求过多 expr: sum(mssql_current_state_requests)>100 for: 1m labels: severity: warning annotations: summary: "详细: {{ $labels }}" description: "mssql请求数>100，当前：{{ $value }} " - alert: mssql死锁产生 expr: increase(mssql_counter{type_object="SQLServer:Locks",type_counter="Number of Deadlocks/sec",type_instance="_Total"}[5m])>0 for: 1m labels: severity: warning annotations: summary: "详细: {{ $labels }}" description: "mssql 5分钟内死锁产生次数：{{ $value }} " - alert: mssql作业执行错误 expr: increase(mssql_job_state_today[5m])>0 for: 1m labels: severity: warning annotations: summary: "详细: {{ $labels }}" description: "mssql 今天作业运行错误次数：{{ $value }} " - alert: mssql镜像状态变化 expr: increase(mssql_mirror_sync{value="status"} [5m])!=0 for: 1m labels: severity: warning annotations: summary: "详细: {{ $labels }}" description: "db:{{ $labels.db }}\n value:{{ $labels.value }}={{ $value }} "
【4.6】报警模板
{{ define "email.html" }}
{{- if gt (len .Alerts.Firing) 0 -}}{{ range.Alerts }}
告警项: {{ .Labels.alertname }} <br>
项目组:{{ .Labels.job }} <br>
实例名:{{ .Labels.name }}-{{ .Labels.instance }} <br>
详情: {{ .Annotations.description }} <br>
级别: {{ .Labels.severity }} <br>
开始时间: {{ (.StartsAt.Add 28800e9).Format "2006-01-02 15:04:05" }}<br>
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++<br>
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++<br>
{{ end }}{{ end -}}
{{- if gt (len .Alerts.Resolved) 0 -}}{{ range.Alerts }}
Resolved<br>
告警项: {{ .Labels.alertname }} <br>
项目组:{{ .Labels.job }} <br>
实例名:{{ .Labels.name }}-{{ .Labels.instance }} <br>
详情: {{ .Annotations.description }} <br>
级别: {{ .Labels.severity }} <br>
开始时间: {{ (.StartsAt.Add 28800e9).Format "2006-01-02 15:04:05" }}<br>
恢复时间: {{ (.EndsAt.Add 28800e9).Format "2006-01-02 15:04:05" }}<br>
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++<br>
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++<br>
{{ end }}{{ end -}}
{{- end }}
企业微信
{{ define "wechat.default.message" }}
{{- if gt (len .Alerts.Firing) 0 -}}{{ range.Alerts }}
告警项: {{ .Labels.alertname }}
项目组:{{ .Labels.job }}
实例名:{{ .Labels.name }}-{{ .Labels.instance }}
详情: {{ .Annotations.description }}
级别: {{ .Labels.severity }}
开始时间: {{ (.StartsAt.Add 28800e9).Format "2006-01-02 15:04:05" }}
------------------------------------
------------------------------------
{{ end }}{{ end -}}
{{- if gt (len .Alerts.Resolved) 0 -}}{{ range.Alerts }}
Resolved
告警项: {{ .Labels.alertname }}
项目组:{{ .Labels.job }}
实例名:{{ .Labels.name }}-{{ .Labels.instance }}
详情: {{ .Annotations.description }}
级别: {{ .Labels.severity }}
开始时间: {{ (.StartsAt.Add 28800e9).Format "2006-01-02 15:04:05" }}
恢复时间: {{ (.EndsAt.Add 28800e9).Format "2006-01-02 15:04:05" }}
------------------------------------
------------------------------------
{{ end }}{{ end -}}
{{- end }}
【最佳实践】安装采集器、配置sql server权限
（1） windows采集器文件
【1.1】上传文件 windows_exporter 采集器文件
【1.2】双击运行
可能有东西出来，也可能一闪而过，也可能一点反应都没有。
【1.3】核验
Win+R 运行 =》Services.msc
查看服务， windows_exporter，这就表示部署好了。
（2）mssql 访问配置
【2.1】防火墙配置/MSSQL权限配置（打开cmd，在dos命令窗口下执行）
netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="prometheus_monitor" dir=in action=allow remoteip="192.168.1.1,192.168.1.2" protocol=TCP localport="1433,9182" net stop wuauserv sc config wuauserv start= disabled sc config TrustedInstaller start= disabled sc config windows_exporter start= delayed-auto sc config MSSQLSERVER start= delayed-auto sc config SQLSERVERAGENT start= delayed-auto sqlcmd -E USE [master] GO CREATE LOGIN [sql_exporter] WITH PASSWORD=N'qwer1234qwer', DEFAULT_DATABASE=[master], CHECK_EXPIRATION=OFF, CHECK_POLICY=OFF GO ALTER SERVER ROLE [sysadmin] ADD MEMBER [sql_exporter] GO
-------------下面的不要运行，只是参考！--------
参考： DECLARE @sql VARCHAR(max) SET @sql=CAST('use master;CREATE LOGIN [sql_exporter] WITH PASSWORD=N''qwer1234qwer'', DEFAULT_DATABASE=[master], CHECK_EXPIRATION=OFF, CHECK_POLICY=OFF; GRANT VIEW SERVER STATE TO [sql_exporter]; GRANT VIEW ANY DEFINITION TO [sql_exporter];' AS VARCHAR(max)) select @sql=@sql+CAST('use '+name+';CREATE USER [sql_exporter] FOR LOGIN [sql_exporter]; EXEC sp_addrolemember N''db_datareader'', N''sql_exporter'';'+CHAR(10) AS VARCHAR(max)) from master.sys.databases where state=0 and is_read_only=0 EXEC(@sql) Go ALTER SERVER ROLE [sysadmin] ADD MEMBER [sql_exporter] GO
参考：
Declare @login varchar(200),@role varchar(200), @login_pwd varchar(200) Set @login='business_query' Set @login_pwd='qwer1234qwer' SET @role='db_datareader' DECLARE @sql VARCHAR(max) SET @sql=CAST('use master;CREATE LOGIN '+@login+' WITH PASSWORD=N'''+@login_pwd +''', DEFAULT_DATABASE=[master], CHECK_EXPIRATION=OFF, CHECK_POLICY=OFF; GRANT VIEW SERVER STATE TO '+@login+'; GRANT VIEW ANY DEFINITION TO '+@login+';' AS VARCHAR(max)) select @sql=@sql+CAST('use '+name+';CREATE USER '+@login+' FOR LOGIN '+@login+'; EXEC sp_addrolemember N'''+@role+''', N''business_query'';'+CHAR(10) AS VARCHAR(max)) from master.sys.databases where state=0 and is_read_only=0 EXEC(@sql) Go
（3）采集器服务器配置参考
进入 115.230.30.138——10.20.53.12
cd /data/mssql/
修改 mssql_agent.sh
也要修改prometheus的配置文件；参考： 每一个建议空一行
nohup /data/mssql/sql_exporter -config.data-source-name=sqlserver://sql_exporter:qwer1234qwer@10.20.54.59:1433/?encrypt=disable \
-config.file=/data/mssql/sql_exporter.yml -web.listen-address=127.0.0.1:9402 -log_dir=/data/mssql_log &
（4）守护进程
autostart_sqlexporter.sh
#!/bin/bash dir=`dirname $0` filename='mssql_agent.sh' usage(){ filename=$0 echo "Usage:sh ${filename} [start|stop|status|restart]" exit 1 } is_ok(){ config_count=`cat ${dir}/mssql_agent.sh |grep -v '^#'|grep -v "^$"|wc -l` running_count=`ps -ef|grep sql_exporter|grep -v "grep"|wc -l` if [ "${config_count}" -eq "${running_count}" ];then return 0 else return 1 fi } start(){ is_ok if [ $? -eq "1" ];then echo "sh ${dir}/${filename}" sh ${dir}/${filename} fi } stop(){ is_ok if [ $running_count -eq "0" ];then echo 'all config sql_exporter already is closed!' else pkill sql_exporter fi } restart(){ stop start } status(){ is_ok if [ $? -eq "0" ];then echo 'sql_exporter ok!' else echo "sql_exporter error!config_count=${config_count},running_count=${running_count}'" fi } case "$1" in "start") start ;; "stop") stop ;; "status") status ;; "restart") restart;; *) usage ;; esac
crontab
* * * * * /bin/bash /data/mssql/autostart_sqlexporter.sh start >>/data/mssql/log_autostart_sqlexporter.log 2>&1
【参考文档】
参考：https://www.bilibili.com/read/cv7134580/
官网：https://github.com/free/sql_exporter
【附录】
由于在url中特殊符号都有特殊意义或者被认为是不安全的字符，所以在拼接url时应当替换出url中的特殊字符
例如
var x = "2# 前缘肋"
var rp= x.replace('#','%23'); // %23是#的URL编码 要用他来替换原有的#
w3schools网站上列出了此类编码参考
| Character | From Windows-1252 | From UTF-8 |
|---|---|---|
| space | %20 | %20 |
| ! | %21 | %21 |
| " | %22 | %22 |
| # | %23 | %23 |
| $ | %24 | %24 |
| % | %25 | %25 |
| & | %26 | %26 |
| ' | %27 | %27 |
| ( | %28 | %28 |
| ) | %29 | %29 |
| * | %2A | %2A |
| + | %2B | %2B |
| , | %2C | %2C |
| - | %2D | %2D |
| . | %2E | %2E |
| / | %2F | %2F |
| 0 | %30 | %30 |
| 1 | %31 | %31 |
| 2 | %32 | %32 |
| 3 | %33 | %33 |
| 4 | %34 | %34 |
| 5 | %35 | %35 |
| 6 | %36 | %36 |
| 7 | %37 | %37 |
| 8 | %38 | %38 |
| 9 | %39 | %39 |
| : | %3A | %3A |
| ; | %3B | %3B |
| < | %3C | %3C |
| = | %3D | %3D |
| > | %3E | %3E |
| ? | %3F | %3F |
| @ | %40 | %40 |
| A | %41 | %41 |
| B | %42 | %42 |
| C | %43 | %43 |
| D | %44 | %44 |
| E | %45 | %45 |
| F | %46 | %46 |
| G | %47 | %47 |
| H | %48 | %48 |
| I | %49 | %49 |
| J | %4A | %4A |
| K | %4B | %4B |
| L | %4C | %4C |
| M | %4D | %4D |
| N | %4E | %4E |
| O | %4F | %4F |
| P | %50 | %50 |
| Q | %51 | %51 |
| R | %52 | %52 |
| S | %53 | %53 |
| T | %54 | %54 |
| U | %55 | %55 |
| V | %56 | %56 |
| W | %57 | %57 |
| X | %58 | %58 |
| Y | %59 | %59 |
| Z | %5A | %5A |
| [ | %5B | %5B |
| \ | %5C | %5C |
| ] | %5D | %5D |
| ^ | %5E | %5E |
| _ | %5F | %5F |
| ` | %60 | %60 |
| a | %61 | %61 |
| b | %62 | %62 |
| c | %63 | %63 |
| d | %64 | %64 |
| e | %65 | %65 |
| f | %66 | %66 |
| g | %67 | %67 |
| h | %68 | %68 |
| i | %69 | %69 |
| j | %6A | %6A |
| k | %6B | %6B |
| l | %6C | %6C |
| m | %6D | %6D |
| n | %6E | %6E |
| o | %6F | %6F |
| p | %70 | %70 |
| q | %71 | %71 |
| r | %72 | %72 |
| s | %73 | %73 |
| t | %74 | %74 |
| u | %75 | %75 |
| v | %76 | %76 |
| w | %77 | %77 |
| x | %78 | %78 |
| y | %79 | %79 |
| z | %7A | %7A |
| { | %7B | %7B |
| | | %7C | %7C |
| } | %7D | %7D |
| ~ | %7E | %7E |
| %7F | %7F | |
| ` | %80 | %E2%82%AC |
| | %81 | %81 |
| ‚ | %82 | %E2%80%9A |
| ƒ | %83 | %C6%92 |
| „ | %84 | %E2%80%9E |
| … | %85 | %E2%80%A6 |
| † | %86 | %E2%80%A0 |
| ‡ | %87 | %E2%80%A1 |
| ˆ | %88 | %CB%86 |
| ‰ | %89 | %E2%80%B0 |
| Š | %8A | %C5%A0 |
| ‹ | %8B | %E2%80%B9 |
| Π| %8C | %C5%92 |
| | %8D | %C5%8D |
| Ž | %8E | %C5%BD |
| | %8F | %8F |
| | %90 | %C2%90 |
| ‘ | %91 | %E2%80%98 |
| ’ | %92 | %E2%80%99 |
| “ | %93 | %E2%80%9C |
| ” | %94 | %E2%80%9D |
| • | %95 | %E2%80%A2 |
| – | %96 | %E2%80%93 |
| — | %97 | %E2%80%94 |
| ˜ | %98 | %CB%9C |
| ™ | %99 | %E2%84 |
| š | %9A | %C5%A1 |
| › | %9B | %E2%80 |
| œ | %9C | %C5%93 |
| | %9D | %9D |
| ž | %9E | %C5%BE |
| Ÿ | %9F | %C5%B8 |
| %A0 | %C2%A0 | |
| ¡ | %A1 | %C2%A1 |
| ¢ | %A2 | %C2%A2 |
| £ | %A3 | %C2%A3 |
| ¤ | %A4 | %C2%A4 |
| ¥ | %A5 | %C2%A5 |
| ¦ | %A6 | %C2%A6 |
| § | %A7 | %C2%A7 |
| ¨ | %A8 | %C2%A8 |
| © | %A9 | %C2%A9 |
| ª | %AA | %C2%AA |
| « | %AB | %C2%AB |
| ¬ | %AC | %C2%AC |
| %AD | %C2%AD | |
| ® | %AE | %C2%AE |
| ¯ | %AF | %C2%AF |
| ° | %B0 | %C2%B0 |
| ± | %B1 | %C2%B1 |
| ² | %B2 | %C2%B2 |
| ³ | %B3 | %C2%B3 |
| ´ | %B4 | %C2%B4 |
| µ | %B5 | %C2%B5 |
| ¶ | %B6 | %C2%B6 |
| · | %B7 | %C2%B7 |
| ¸ | %B8 | %C2%B8 |
| ¹ | %B9 | %C2%B9 |
| º | %BA | %C2%BA |
| » | %BB | %C2%BB |
| ¼ | %BC | %C2%BC |
| ½ | %BD | %C2%BD |
| ¾ | %BE | %C2%BE |
| ¿ | %BF | %C2%BF |
| À | %C0 | %C3%80 |
| Á | %C1 | %C3%81 |
| Â | %C2 | %C3%82 |
| Ã | %C3 | %C3%83 |
| Ä | %C4 | %C3%84 |
| Å | %C5 | %C3%85 |
| Æ | %C6 | %C3%86 |
| Ç | %C7 | %C3%87 |
| È | %C8 | %C3%88 |
| É | %C9 | %C3%89 |
| Ê | %CA | %C3%8A |
| Ë | %CB | %C3%8B |
| Ì | %CC | %C3%8C |
| Í | %CD | %C3%8D |
| Î | %CE | %C3%8E |
| Ï | %CF | %C3%8F |
| Ð | %D0 | %C3%90 |
| Ñ | %D1 | %C3%91 |
| Ò | %D2 | %C3%92 |
| Ó | %D3 | %C3%93 |
| Ô | %D4 | %C3%94 |
| Õ | %D5 | %C3%95 |
| Ö | %D6 | %C3%96 |
| × | %D7 | %C3%97 |
| Ø | %D8 | %C3%98 |
| Ù | %D9 | %C3%99 |
| Ú | %DA | %C3%9A |
| Û | %DB | %C3%9B |
| Ü | %DC | %C3%9C |
| Ý | %DD | %C3%9D |
| Þ | %DE | %C3%9E |
| ß | %DF | %C3%9F |
| à | %E0 | %C3%A0 |
| á | %E1 | %C3%A1 |
| â | %E2 | %C3%A2 |
| ã | %E3 | %C3%A3 |
| ä | %E4 | %C3%A4 |
| å | %E5 | %C3%A5 |
| æ | %E6 | %C3%A6 |
| ç | %E7 | %C3%A7 |
| è | %E8 | %C3%A8 |
| é | %E9 | %C3%A9 |
| ê | %EA | %C3%AA |
| ë | %EB | %C3%AB |
| ì | %EC | %C3%AC |
| í | %ED | %C3%AD |
| î | %EE | %C3%AE |
| ï | %EF | %C3%AF |
| ð | %F0 | %C3%B0 |
| ñ | %F1 | %C3%B1 |
| ò | %F2 | %C3%B2 |
| ó | %F3 | %C3%B3 |
| ô | %F4 | %C3%B4 |
| õ | %F5 | %C3%B5 |
| ö | %F6 | %C3%B6 |
| ÷ | %F7 | %C3%B7 |
| ø | %F8 | %C3%B8 |
| ù | %F9 | %C3%B9 |
| ú | %FA | %C3%BA |
| û | %FB | %C3%BB |
| ü | %FC | %C3%BC |
| ý | %FD | %C3%BD |
| þ | %FE | %C3%BE |
| ÿ | %FF | %C3%BF |
URL Encoding Reference
The ASCII control characters %00-%1F were originally designed to control hardware devices.
Control characters have nothing to do inside a URL.
| ASCII Character | Description | URL-encoding |
|---|---|---|
| NUL | null character | %00 |
| SOH | start of header | %01 |
| STX | start of text | %02 |
| ETX | end of text | %03 |
| EOT | end of transmission | %04 |
| ENQ | enquiry | %05 |
| ACK | acknowledge | %06 |
| BEL | bell (ring) | %07 |
| BS | backspace | %08 |
| HT | horizontal tab | %09 |
| LF | line feed | %0A |
| VT | vertical tab | %0B |
| FF | form feed | %0C |
| CR | carriage return | %0D |
| SO | shift out | %0E |
| SI | shift in | %0F |
| DLE | data link escape | %10 |
| DC1 | device control 1 | %11 |
| DC2 | device control 2 | %12 |
| DC3 | device control 3 | %13 |
| DC4 | device control 4 | %14 |
| NAK | negative acknowledge | %15 |
| SYN | synchronize | %16 |
| ETB | end transmission block | %17 |
| CAN | cancel | %18 |
| EM | end of medium | %19 |
| SUB | substitute | %1A |
| ESC | escape | %1B |
| FS | file separator | %1C |
| GS | group separator | %1D |
| RS | record separator | %1E |
| US | unit separator |
