csharp: SDK：CAPICOM

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//****************************************************************************** // // THIS CODE AND INFORMATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, // EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED // WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND/OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. // // Copyright (C) 1999 - 2002.  Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved. // //****************************************************************************** // // storesh.cs // // This is a sample script to illustrate how to use CAPICOM and C#. It creates a // pseudo shell to navigate certificate stores. // // !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! // // To run this sample you need to have Microsoft Visual C# .NET // To start: open the storesh.sln file in Visual Studio // // !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! // // //  Try these commands: // //  help //  dir //  cd .. //  cd ..\addressbook //  dir -l //  dir -subject John //  cd \LocalMachine //  cd \lm //  display 3 //  view 2 //  import c:\home\temp\pfx1.pfx //  export 7 c:\home\temp\itm.cer //  pfxexport 11 c:\home\temp\foo.pfx secretpassword //  rem 2 //  dir -issuer "Thawte" //  dir -eku "Code Signing" //  dir -eku 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.4 // // Note: For simplicity, this script does not handle exceptions. // //******************************************************************************   using System; using System.Collections; using System.Runtime.InteropServices; using CAPICOM; using System.Text;   namespace storesh {             public class Win32     {           [DllImport("crypt32.dll",CharSet=CharSet.Unicode )]         public static extern uint CertEnumSystemStore(             uint dwFlags,             uint pvSystemStoreLocationPara,             String pvArg,             CertEnumSystemStoreCallback pfnEnum             );       }       public delegate bool CertEnumSystemStoreCallback(         [In, MarshalAs( UnmanagedType.LPWStr) ] String pvSystemStore,         uint dwFlags,         ref CERT_SYSTEM_STORE_INFO pStoreInfo,         uint pvReserved,         [In, MarshalAs( UnmanagedType.LPWStr) ] String pvArg     );       [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]     public struct CERT_SYSTEM_STORE_INFO     {         uint cbSize;     }           class Storesh     {         const uint CERT_SYSTEM_STORE_CURRENT_USER  = 0x10000;         const uint CERT_SYSTEM_STORE_LOCAL_MACHINE  = 0x20000;         const int VALIDITY_LENGTH = 23;         const int CERTNAME_LENGTH = 20;         const int THUMBPRINT_LENGTH = 42;         const int FRIENDLYNAME_LENGTH = 20;         const int CAPICOM_ENCODED_DATA_FORMAT_MULTI_LINES =1 ;         const int HELP_PAD = 30;         const String CurrentUser = "CurrentUser";         const String LocalMachine = "LocalMachine";           static private String _currStoreName = "My";         static private String _currStoreLocation = CurrentUser;         static IEnumerator _currFilter;         static StoreClass _oCurrStore;           enum Listing {Brief, Long};                             /// The main entry point for the application.         [STAThread]         static void Main(string[] args)         {                           //We take one argument, a starting store name             if (args.Length > 0)             {                 _currStoreName = args[0];             }             _oCurrStore = new StoreClass();             _oCurrStore.Open(                 CAPICOM_STORE_LOCATION.CAPICOM_CURRENT_USER_STORE,                 _currStoreName,                 CAPICOM_STORE_OPEN_MODE.CAPICOM_STORE_OPEN_EXISTING_ONLY |                 CAPICOM_STORE_OPEN_MODE.CAPICOM_STORE_OPEN_MAXIMUM_ALLOWED);             waitForInput();         }           static void waitForInput()         {             bool done = false;             String input;             while (!done)             {                 Console.Write(_currStoreLocation + "\\" + _currStoreName + ">");                 input = Console.ReadLine();                 done = parseCommandLine(input);             }         }           static bool parseCommandLine ( String input)         {                           ArrayList alArgs = ParseArgs(input);             Certificate oCert = null;                           switch ((String)alArgs[0])             {                 case "cd":                 {                     //This is the 'change directory' command                     String storename;                     if (alArgs.Count > 1)                     {                         storename = (String)alArgs[1];                     }                     else                     {                         storename = _currStoreName; //reset store name                     }                       if (storename.Equals("..") && _currStoreName.Length > 0 )                     {                         _oCurrStore = new StoreClass();                         storename = null;                         _currFilter = null;                         _currStoreName = "";                     }                     else if (storename.StartsWith("..") && _currStoreName.Length > 0 )                     {                         _oCurrStore = new StoreClass();                         _currFilter = null;                         storename = storename.Substring(3,storename.Length - 3);                         _currStoreName = "";                     }                     else if (storename.Equals(".."))                     {                         storename = null;                     }                     else if (storename.Equals("\\" + LocalMachine)  || storename.Equals("\\lm" ))                     {                         _oCurrStore = new StoreClass();                         _currStoreName = "";                         storename = null;                         _currStoreLocation = LocalMachine;                         _currFilter = null;                     }                     else if (storename.Equals("\\" + CurrentUser)  || storename.Equals("\\cu" ))                     {                         _oCurrStore = new StoreClass();                         _currStoreName = "";                         storename = null;                         _currStoreLocation = CurrentUser;                         _currFilter = null;                     }                     if (storename != null && _currStoreName.Equals(""))                     {                           try                         {                             CAPICOM_STORE_LOCATION OpenMode = CAPICOM_STORE_LOCATION.CAPICOM_CURRENT_USER_STORE;                             if (_currStoreLocation.Equals(LocalMachine))                             {                                 OpenMode = CAPICOM_STORE_LOCATION.CAPICOM_LOCAL_MACHINE_STORE;                             }                               //Open the store MAX_ALLOWED in case the user wants to import/rem/export                             //They may not have permission to modify HKLM stores                             _oCurrStore.Open(   OpenMode,                                 storename,                                 CAPICOM_STORE_OPEN_MODE.CAPICOM_STORE_OPEN_EXISTING_ONLY |                                 CAPICOM_STORE_OPEN_MODE.CAPICOM_STORE_OPEN_MAXIMUM_ALLOWED);                             _currStoreName = storename;                           }                         catch (Exception e)                         {                             Console.WriteLine (e.Message);                         }                     }                     return false;                 }                 case "q":                 case "quit":                 {                     return true;                 }                 case "h":                 case "help":                 {                     DisplayHelp();                                       return false;                 }                 case "v":                 case "view":                     try                     {                         oCert = GetCertByIndex(Convert.ToInt32(alArgs[1]));                         if (oCert != null )                         {                             DisplayCertificate(oCert, "");                         }                         else                         {                             Console.WriteLine ("No certificate with that index (" + alArgs[1] + ") could be found.");                         }                     }                     catch (Exception e)                     {                         Console.WriteLine ("An error was encountered processing the " + alArgs[0] + " command: " + e.Message);                     }                     break;                 case "y":                 case "display":                     try                     {                         oCert = GetCertByIndex(Convert.ToInt32(alArgs[1]));                         if (oCert != null )                         {                             oCert.Display();                         }                         else                         {                             Console.WriteLine ("No certificate with that index (" + alArgs[1] + ") could be found.");                         }                     }                     catch (Exception e)                     {                         Console.WriteLine ("An error was encountered processing the " + alArgs[0] + " command: " + e.Message);                     }                     break;                 case "rem":                     try                     {                         oCert = GetCertByIndex(Convert.ToInt32(alArgs[1]));                         if (oCert != null )                         {                             String answer = "n";                             Console.WriteLine(  ToColumn (oCert.GetInfo(CAPICOM_CERT_INFO_TYPE.CAPICOM_CERT_INFO_SUBJECT_SIMPLE_NAME), CERTNAME_LENGTH) +                                 " " +                                 ToColumn (oCert.Thumbprint, THUMBPRINT_LENGTH ));                             Console.WriteLine ("Issuer: " + oCert.GetInfo(CAPICOM_CERT_INFO_TYPE.CAPICOM_CERT_INFO_ISSUER_SIMPLE_NAME));                             Console.WriteLine ("Validity Period: " + oCert.ValidFromDate + " - " + oCert.ValidToDate);                             DisplayEKU(oCert.ExtendedKeyUsage().EKUs);                             Console.WriteLine();                             Console.Write("Are you sure you want to remove this certificate (y/n)? ");                             answer = Console.ReadLine();                             if (!answer.Equals("y"))                             {                                 break;                             }                               if (oCert.HasPrivateKey() && !oCert.PrivateKey.IsHardwareDevice() )                             {                                 oCert.PrivateKey.Delete();                                 Console.WriteLine ("The private key was deleted.");                             }                             try                             {                                 _oCurrStore.Remove(oCert);                                 Console.WriteLine("The certificate was removed.");                             }                             catch                             {                                 Console.WriteLine("The certificate could not be removed.");                             }                         }                         else                         {                             Console.WriteLine ("No certificate with that index (" + alArgs[1] + ") could be found.");                         }                     }                     catch (Exception e)                     {                         Console.WriteLine ("An error was encountered processing the " + alArgs[0] + " command: " + e.Message);                     }                     break;                 case "e":                 case "export":                     try                     {                         oCert = GetCertByIndex(Convert.ToInt32(alArgs[1]));                         if (oCert != null )                         {                             String filename =  (String)alArgs[2];                             if (filename != null)                             {                                 oCert.Save(filename,                                     "",                                     CAPICOM_CERTIFICATE_SAVE_AS_TYPE.CAPICOM_CERTIFICATE_SAVE_AS_CER,                                     CAPICOM_CERTIFICATE_INCLUDE_OPTION.CAPICOM_CERTIFICATE_INCLUDE_END_ENTITY_ONLY);                               }                             else                             {                                 Console.WriteLine("No filename specified.");                             }                         }                         else                         {                             Console.WriteLine ("No certificate with that index (" + alArgs[1] + ") could be found.");                         }                     }                     catch (Exception e)                     {                         Console.WriteLine ("An error was encountered processing the " + alArgs[0] + " command: " + e.Message);                     }                     break;                 case "i":                 case "import":                     try                     {                         String filename = null;                         String password = null;                         CAPICOM_KEY_STORAGE_FLAG iFlag = CAPICOM_KEY_STORAGE_FLAG.CAPICOM_KEY_STORAGE_DEFAULT;                                                   if (alArgs.Count >= 2)                         {                             filename = (String)alArgs[1];                         }                         if (alArgs.Count >= 3)                         {                             password = (String)alArgs[2];                         }                         if (alArgs.Count >= 4)                         {                             String flag = null;                             if (alArgs.Count == 4)                             {                                 password = null;                                 flag = (String)alArgs[3];                             }                             else if (alArgs.Count == 5)                             {                                 flag = (String)alArgs[4];                             }                             if (flag.Equals ("e"))                             {                                 iFlag = CAPICOM_KEY_STORAGE_FLAG.CAPICOM_KEY_STORAGE_EXPORTABLE;                             }                             else if (flag.Equals ("p"))                             {                                 iFlag = CAPICOM_KEY_STORAGE_FLAG.CAPICOM_KEY_STORAGE_USER_PROTECTED;                             }                             else if (flag.Equals ("ep") || flag.Equals ("pe"))                             {                                 iFlag = CAPICOM_KEY_STORAGE_FLAG.CAPICOM_KEY_STORAGE_USER_PROTECTED | CAPICOM_KEY_STORAGE_FLAG.CAPICOM_KEY_STORAGE_EXPORTABLE;                             }                         }                         _oCurrStore.Load(filename, password, iFlag);                     }                     catch (Exception e)                     {                         Console.WriteLine ("An error was encountered processing the " + alArgs[0] + " command: " + e.Message);                     }                     break;                 case "p":                 case "pfxexport":                     try                     {                         oCert = GetCertByIndex(Convert.ToInt32(alArgs[1]));                         if (oCert != null )                         {                             String filename =  (String)alArgs[2];                             String password =  (String)alArgs[3];                                                                       if (filename != null)                             {                                 oCert.Save(filename,                                     password,                                     CAPICOM_CERTIFICATE_SAVE_AS_TYPE.CAPICOM_CERTIFICATE_SAVE_AS_PFX,                                     CAPICOM_CERTIFICATE_INCLUDE_OPTION.CAPICOM_CERTIFICATE_INCLUDE_WHOLE_CHAIN);                             }                             else                             {                                 Console.WriteLine("No filename specified.");                             }                         }                         else                         {                             Console.WriteLine ("No certificate with that index (" + alArgs[1] + ") could be found.");                         }                     }                     catch (Exception e)                     {                         Console.WriteLine ("An error was encountered processing the " + alArgs[0] + " command: " + e.Message);                     }                     break;                 case "c":                                 case "create":                                 case "del":                                         try                                         {                                                 // Opening it is the same whether we're creating or deleting                                                 if (alArgs.Count == 1) {                                                         Console.WriteLine ("Please enter a name for the store");                                                         break;                                                 }                                                 String name = (String) alArgs[1];                                                 for (int i = 2; i < alArgs.Count; i++) {                                                         name += " " + alArgs[i];                                                 }                                                 Store newStore = new Store();                                                 CAPICOM_STORE_LOCATION storeLoc = CAPICOM_STORE_LOCATION.CAPICOM_CURRENT_USER_STORE;                                                 if (_currStoreLocation.Equals(LocalMachine)) {                                                         storeLoc = CAPICOM_STORE_LOCATION.CAPICOM_LOCAL_MACHINE_STORE;                                                 }                                                 newStore.Open(storeLoc,                                                               name,                                                               CAPICOM_STORE_OPEN_MODE.CAPICOM_STORE_OPEN_READ_WRITE);                                                   // Now delete if that is what was chosen                                                 if (alArgs[0].Equals("del")) {                                                         if (_currStoreName.Equals(name)) {                                                                 Console.WriteLine("You cannot delete the store you are currently viewing");                                                                 Console.WriteLine("Please use the <cd> command to change stores first");                                                                 break;                                                         }                                                         newStore.Delete();                                                 }                                         }                                         catch (Exception e)                                         {                                                 Console.WriteLine ("An error was encountered processing the " + alArgs[0] + " command: " + e.Message);                                         }                                         break;                 case "d":                 case "dir":                 {                     Certificates oCerts;                     Listing listing = Listing.Brief;                       if ((_currStoreLocation.Equals(CurrentUser) || _currStoreLocation.Equals(LocalMachine))                         && _currStoreName.Length == 0)                     {                         uint retval = 0;                         uint dwFlags = CERT_SYSTEM_STORE_CURRENT_USER;                           CertEnumSystemStoreCallback StoreCallback = new CertEnumSystemStoreCallback(Storesh.CertEnumSystemStoreCallback);                         if (_currStoreLocation.Equals(LocalMachine))                         {                             dwFlags = CERT_SYSTEM_STORE_LOCAL_MACHINE;                         }                         retval= Win32.CertEnumSystemStore(                             dwFlags,                             0,                             _currStoreName,                             StoreCallback                             );                     }                     else if (alArgs.Count >= 1)                     {                         int i =0 ;                         try                         {                             _currFilter = _oCurrStore.Certificates.GetEnumerator();                             for (i = 1; i < alArgs.Count; i++)                             {                                 String param = ((String)alArgs[i]).ToLower();                                 if (param.Equals("/l") || param.Equals("-l"))                                 {                                     listing = Listing.Long;                                 }                                 else if (param.Equals("/subject") || param.Equals("-subject"))                                 {                                     Object filter = (System.String)alArgs[++i];                                     oCerts = (Certificates)_oCurrStore.Certificates;                                     oCerts = (Certificates)oCerts.Find(CAPICOM_CERTIFICATE_FIND_TYPE.CAPICOM_CERTIFICATE_FIND_SUBJECT_NAME,                                         filter,                                         false);                                     _currFilter = oCerts.GetEnumerator();                                   }                                 else if (param.Equals("/eku") || param.Equals("-eku"))                                 {                                     Object filter = (System.String)alArgs[++i];                                     oCerts = (Certificates)_oCurrStore.Certificates;                                     oCerts = (Certificates)oCerts.Find(CAPICOM_CERTIFICATE_FIND_TYPE.CAPICOM_CERTIFICATE_FIND_APPLICATION_POLICY,                                         filter,                                         false);                                     _currFilter = oCerts.GetEnumerator();                                   }                                 else if (param.Equals("/issuer") || param.Equals("-issuer"))                                 {                                     Object filter = (System.String)alArgs[++i];                                     oCerts = (Certificates)_oCurrStore.Certificates;                                     oCerts = (Certificates)oCerts.Find(CAPICOM_CERTIFICATE_FIND_TYPE.CAPICOM_CERTIFICATE_FIND_ISSUER_NAME,                                         filter,                                         false);                                     _currFilter = oCerts.GetEnumerator();                                   }                                 else if (param.Equals("/sha1") || param.Equals("-sha1"))                                 {                                     String filter = (String)alArgs[++i];                                     oCerts = (Certificates)_oCurrStore.Certificates;                                     oCerts = (Certificates)oCerts.Find(CAPICOM_CERTIFICATE_FIND_TYPE.CAPICOM_CERTIFICATE_FIND_SHA1_HASH,                                         filter,                                         false);                                     _currFilter = oCerts.GetEnumerator();                                 }                             }                             i = 1;                             while (_currFilter.MoveNext() == true)                             {                                 oCert = (Certificate) _currFilter.Current;                                 Console.Write ( (i++ + ". ").PadRight(4,' '));                                 switch (listing)                                 {                                     case Listing.Brief:                                         Console.WriteLine(  ToColumn (oCert.GetInfo(CAPICOM_CERT_INFO_TYPE.CAPICOM_CERT_INFO_SUBJECT_SIMPLE_NAME), CERTNAME_LENGTH) +                                             " " +                                             ToColumn (oCert.ValidToDate.ToString(), VALIDITY_LENGTH) +                                             ToColumn (oCert.GetInfo(CAPICOM_CERT_INFO_TYPE.CAPICOM_CERT_INFO_ISSUER_SIMPLE_NAME), CERTNAME_LENGTH) );                                         break;                                     case Listing.Long:                                     {                                         Console.WriteLine(  ToColumn (oCert.GetInfo(CAPICOM_CERT_INFO_TYPE.CAPICOM_CERT_INFO_SUBJECT_SIMPLE_NAME), CERTNAME_LENGTH) +                                             " " +                                             ToColumn (oCert.Thumbprint, THUMBPRINT_LENGTH ));                                         Console.WriteLine ("Issuer: " + oCert.GetInfo(CAPICOM_CERT_INFO_TYPE.CAPICOM_CERT_INFO_ISSUER_SIMPLE_NAME));                                         Console.WriteLine ("Validity Period: " + oCert.ValidFromDate + " - " + oCert.ValidToDate);                                         DisplayEKU(oCert.ExtendedKeyUsage().EKUs);                                         Console.WriteLine();                                         break;                                     }                                 }                             }                         }                         catch (Exception e)                         {                             Console.WriteLine("An error was encountered: " + e.Message);                         }                     }                     break;                 }                 default:                     DisplayHelp();                     break;               }               return false;         }           public static bool CertEnumSystemStoreCallback(             String pvSystemStore,             uint dwFlags,             ref CERT_SYSTEM_STORE_INFO pStoreInfo,             uint pvReserved,             String pvArg             )         {             Console.WriteLine("[ " +pvSystemStore + " ]");             return true;         }           public static Certificate GetCertByIndex( int idx )         {             Certificate oCert;             int i = 0;               if (_oCurrStore != null)             {                 if (_currFilter == null)                 {                     _currFilter = _oCurrStore.Certificates.GetEnumerator();                 }                 else                 {                     _currFilter.Reset();                 }                   while (_currFilter.MoveNext() == true)                 {                     oCert  = (Certificate)_currFilter.Current;                     i++;                     if (i == idx)                     {                         return oCert;                     }                 }             }             return null;         }           private static ArrayList ParseArgs(String input)         {             char[] delims = new char[] {' '};             ArrayList argsarray = new ArrayList();             String multiString = null;               String[] argSplit = input.Split(delims);             for (int i = 0; i < argSplit.Length; i++)             {                 String curr = argSplit[i];                 if (curr.StartsWith("\"") && curr.EndsWith("\""))                 {                     argsarray.Add(curr.Substring(1,curr.Length-2));                 }                 else if (curr.StartsWith("\""))                 {                     multiString = curr;                 }                 else if (argSplit[i].EndsWith("\""))                 {                     multiString = multiString + " " + curr;                     argsarray.Add(multiString.Substring(1,multiString.Length-2));                     multiString = null;                 }                 else                 {                     if (multiString != null)                     {                         multiString = multiString + " " + curr;                     }                     else                     {                         argsarray.Add(curr);                     }                 }             }             argSplit = null;             return argsarray;         }                   public static void DisplayHelp()         {             Console.WriteLine();             Console.Write("[h]elp".PadRight(HELP_PAD, ' '));             Console.WriteLine("This screen");               Console.WriteLine();             Console.Write("cd <location>".PadRight(HELP_PAD, ' '));             Console.WriteLine("<location> is a store name or ..");             Console.WriteLine("".PadRight(HELP_PAD, ' ')+ "Can also be \\LocalMachine (\\lm) or \\CurrentUser (\\cu)");                               Console.WriteLine();             Console.Write("[d]ir <options>".PadRight(HELP_PAD, ' '));             Console.WriteLine("List the contents of a certificate store");             Console.WriteLine("".PadRight(HELP_PAD, ' ')+ "-l   Long listing");             Console.WriteLine("".PadRight(HELP_PAD, ' ')+ "-subject <name>    Match subject name.");             Console.WriteLine("".PadRight(HELP_PAD, ' ')+ "-issuer <name> Match issuer name.");             Console.WriteLine("".PadRight(HELP_PAD, ' ')+ "-eku <EKU> Must have specified EKU.");             Console.WriteLine("".PadRight(HELP_PAD, ' ')+ "-sha1 <sha1>   Match thumbprint.");               Console.WriteLine();             Console.Write("[v]iew <idx>".PadRight(HELP_PAD, ' '));             Console.WriteLine("<idx> is the number of the certificate to view");               Console.WriteLine();             Console.Write("rem <idx>".PadRight(HELP_PAD, ' '));             Console.WriteLine("<idx> is the number of the certificate to remove");               Console.WriteLine();             Console.Write("displa[y] <idx>".PadRight(HELP_PAD, ' '));             Console.WriteLine("<idx> is the number of the certificate to display");                           Console.WriteLine();                         Console.Write("[c]reate <store>".PadRight(HELP_PAD, ' '));                         Console.WriteLine("<store> is the name of the store to create");                           Console.WriteLine();                         Console.Write("del <store>".PadRight(HELP_PAD, ' '));                         Console.WriteLine("<store> is the name of the store to delete");                         Console.WriteLine("".PadRight(HELP_PAD, ' ')+ "This cannot be a system store");               Console.WriteLine();             Console.Write("[e]xport <idx> <file>".PadRight(HELP_PAD, ' '));             Console.WriteLine("<idx> is the number of the certificate to display");             Console.WriteLine("".PadRight(HELP_PAD, ' ')+ "<file> is the destination filename");               Console.WriteLine();             Console.Write("[p]fxexport <idx> <file> <pw>".PadRight(HELP_PAD, ' '));             Console.WriteLine("<idx> is the number of the certificate to display");             Console.WriteLine("".PadRight(HELP_PAD, ' ')+ "<file> is the destination filename");             Console.WriteLine("".PadRight(HELP_PAD, ' ')+ "<pw> is the password");               Console.WriteLine();             Console.Write("[i]mport <file> <pw> [-key e|p]".PadRight(HELP_PAD, ' '));             Console.WriteLine("<file> is the input filename");             Console.WriteLine("".PadRight(HELP_PAD, ' ')+ "<pw> is the filename password");             Console.WriteLine("".PadRight(HELP_PAD, ' ')+ "-key: e is exportable");             Console.WriteLine("".PadRight(HELP_PAD, ' ')+ "-key: p is user protected. Both may be specified");           }                   public static String ToColumn (String s, int i)         {             String retval;             if (s == null || i > s.Length )             {                 retval = s.PadRight(i);             }             else             {                 retval = s.Substring(0,i).PadRight(i,' ');             }             return retval;         }           public static void DisplayEKU (EKUs EKUs)         {             if (EKUs.Count > 0)             {                 OID OID;                 OID = new OIDClass();                 foreach (EKU EKU in EKUs)                 {                     OID.Value = EKU.OID;                     Console.WriteLine( "  " + OID.FriendlyName + " (" + OID.Value + ")" );                 }                 OID = null;             }         }           public static void DisplayCertificate ( Certificate Certificate , String Title)         {             String[] KeySpecStrings = {"Unknown", "Exchange","Signature" };             String[] ProviderTypes = {  "Unknown",                                          "PROV_RSA_FULL",                                          "PROV_RSA_SIG",                                          "PROV_DSS",                                          "PROV_FORTEZZA",                                          "PROV_MS_EXCHANGE",                                          "PROV_SSL",                                          "PROV_STT_MER",                                          "PROV_STT_ACQ",                                          "PROV_STT_BRND",                                          "PROV_STT_ROOT",                                          "PROV_STT_ISS",                                          "PROV_RSA_SCHANNEL",                                          "PROV_DSS_DH",                                          "PROV_EC_ECDSA_SIG",                                          "PROV_EC_ECNRA_SIG",                                          "PROV_EC_ECDSA_FULL",                                          "PROV_EC_ECNRA_FULL",                                          "PROV_DH_SCHANNEL",                                          "PROV_SPYRUS_LYNKS",                                          "PROV_RNG",                                          "PROV_INTEL_SEC",                                          "PROV_REPLACE_OWF",                                          "PROV_RSA_AES" };                  //int iIndex = 0;                           Console.WriteLine( Title );             Console.WriteLine();             Console.WriteLine( "Subject Name:");             Console.WriteLine( "  Simple name = " + Certificate.SubjectName);             Console.WriteLine( "  Email name  = " + Certificate.GetInfo(CAPICOM_CERT_INFO_TYPE.CAPICOM_CERT_INFO_SUBJECT_EMAIL_NAME));             Console.WriteLine( "  UPN name    = " + Certificate.GetInfo(CAPICOM_CERT_INFO_TYPE.CAPICOM_CERT_INFO_SUBJECT_UPN));             Console.WriteLine( "  DNS name    = " + Certificate.GetInfo(CAPICOM_CERT_INFO_TYPE.CAPICOM_CERT_INFO_SUBJECT_DNS_NAME));             Console.WriteLine();             Console.WriteLine( "Issuer Name: " + Certificate.IssuerName);             Console.WriteLine();             Console.WriteLine( "Serial Number: " + Certificate.SerialNumber);             Console.WriteLine();             Console.WriteLine( "Not Before: " + Certificate.ValidFromDate);             Console.WriteLine();             Console.WriteLine( "Not After: " + Certificate.ValidToDate);             Console.WriteLine();             Console.WriteLine( "SHA1 Hash: " + Certificate.Thumbprint);             Console.WriteLine();             Console.WriteLine( "IsValid: " + Certificate.IsValid().Result);             Console.WriteLine();             Console.WriteLine( "Archived: " + Certificate.Archived);             Console.WriteLine();                        if (Certificate.BasicConstraints().IsPresent)             {                 Console.WriteLine( "Basic Constraints:" );                 Console.WriteLine( "  Critical          = " + Certificate.BasicConstraints().IsCritical );                 Console.WriteLine( "  CA                = " + Certificate.BasicConstraints().IsCertificateAuthority );                 Console.WriteLine( "  PathLenConstraint = ");                 if (Certificate.BasicConstraints().IsPathLenConstraintPresent)                 {                     Console.WriteLine( Certificate.BasicConstraints().PathLenConstraint);                 }                 else                 {                     Console.WriteLine( "Not present.");                 }             }               else             {                 Console.WriteLine( "Basic Constraints: Not present." );             }                      Console.WriteLine();                  if (Certificate.KeyUsage().IsPresent)             {                 Console.WriteLine( "Key Usage:");                 Console.WriteLine( "  Critical                  = " + Certificate.KeyUsage().IsCritical);                 Console.WriteLine( "  IsDigitalSignatureEnabled = " + Certificate.KeyUsage().IsDigitalSignatureEnabled );                 Console.WriteLine( "  IsNonRepudiationEnabled   = " + Certificate.KeyUsage().IsNonRepudiationEnabled);                 Console.WriteLine( "  IsKeyEnciphermentEnabled  = " + Certificate.KeyUsage().IsKeyEnciphermentEnabled);                 Console.WriteLine( "  IsDataEnciphermentEnabled = " + Certificate.KeyUsage().IsDataEnciphermentEnabled);                 Console.WriteLine( "  IsKeyAgreementEnabled     = " + Certificate.KeyUsage().IsKeyAgreementEnabled);                 Console.WriteLine( "  IsKeyCertSignEnabled      = " + Certificate.KeyUsage().IsKeyCertSignEnabled);                 Console.WriteLine( "  IsCRLSignEnabled          = " + Certificate.KeyUsage().IsCRLSignEnabled);                 Console.WriteLine( "  IsEncipherOnlyEnabled     = " + Certificate.KeyUsage().IsEncipherOnlyEnabled);                 Console.WriteLine( "  IsDecipherOnlyEnabled     = " + Certificate.KeyUsage().IsDecipherOnlyEnabled);             }             else             {                 Console.WriteLine( "Key Usage: Not present.");               }             Console.WriteLine();                  if (Certificate.ExtendedKeyUsage().IsPresent)             {                 if (Certificate.ExtendedKeyUsage().EKUs.Count > 0)                 {                     OID OID;                     OID = new OIDClass();                     Console.WriteLine( "Extended Key Usage:");                     Console.WriteLine( "  Critical = " + Certificate.ExtendedKeyUsage().IsCritical);                     foreach (EKU EKU in Certificate.ExtendedKeyUsage().EKUs)                     {                         OID.Value = EKU.OID;                         Console.WriteLine( "  " + OID.FriendlyName + " (" + OID.Value + ")" );                     }                     OID = null;                 }                 else                 {                     Console.WriteLine( "Extended Key Usage: Not valid for any usage.");                     Console.WriteLine( "  Critical = " + Certificate.ExtendedKeyUsage().IsCritical );                 }             }             else             {                 Console.WriteLine( "Extended Key Usage: Not present (valid for all usages).");             }             Console.WriteLine();                  if (Certificate.Template().IsPresent)             {                 Console.WriteLine( "Template:");                 Console.WriteLine( "  Critical = " + Certificate.Template().IsCritical);                 Console.WriteLine( "  Name     = " + Certificate.Template().Name);                 Console.WriteLine( "  OID      = " + Certificate.Template().OID.FriendlyName + "(" + Certificate.Template().OID.Value + ")");                 Console.WriteLine( "  Major    = " + Certificate.Template().MajorVersion);                 Console.WriteLine( "  Minor    = " + Certificate.Template().MinorVersion);             }             else             {                 Console.WriteLine( "Template: Not present.");             }             Console.WriteLine();                  Console.WriteLine( "Public Key:");             Console.WriteLine( "  Algorithm  = " + Certificate.PublicKey().Algorithm.FriendlyName + "(" + Certificate.PublicKey().Algorithm.Value + ")");             Console.WriteLine( "  Length     = " + Certificate.PublicKey().Length + " bits");             Console.WriteLine( "  Key blob   = " + Certificate.PublicKey().EncodedKey.Format(true));             Console.WriteLine( "  Parameters = " + Certificate.PublicKey().EncodedParameters.Format(true));                  if (Certificate.HasPrivateKey())             {                 Console.WriteLine( "Private Key:");                 Console.WriteLine( "  Container name   = " + Certificate.PrivateKey.ContainerName);                 //Don't display unique container name for hardware token because it may cause UI to be displayed.                 if (! Certificate.PrivateKey.IsHardwareDevice())                 {                     Console.WriteLine( "  Unique name      = " + Certificate.PrivateKey.UniqueContainerName);                 }                 Console.WriteLine( "  Provider name    = " + Certificate.PrivateKey.ProviderName);                 Console.WriteLine(     "  Provider type    = " );                 if (Convert.ToInt32(Certificate.PrivateKey.ProviderType) > ProviderTypes.GetUpperBound(0))                 {                     Console.WriteLine( ProviderTypes[0] + " (" + Convert.ToString(Certificate.PrivateKey.ProviderType) + ")");                 }                 else                 {                     Console.WriteLine( ProviderTypes[Convert.ToInt32(Certificate.PrivateKey.ProviderType)] + " (" + Convert.ToString(Certificate.PrivateKey.ProviderType) + ")");                 }                 Console.WriteLine(     "  Key spec         = " );                 if (Convert.ToInt32(Certificate.PrivateKey.KeySpec) > KeySpecStrings.GetUpperBound(0))                 {                     Console.WriteLine( KeySpecStrings[0] + " (" + Convert.ToString(Certificate.PrivateKey.KeySpec) + ")");                 }                 else                 {                     Console.WriteLine( KeySpecStrings[Convert.ToInt32(Certificate.PrivateKey.KeySpec)] + " (" + Convert.ToString(Certificate.PrivateKey.KeySpec) + ")");                 }                 Console.WriteLine( "  Accessible       = " + Certificate.PrivateKey.IsAccessible());                 Console.WriteLine( "  Protected        = " + Certificate.PrivateKey.IsProtected());                 Console.WriteLine( "  Exportable       = " + Certificate.PrivateKey.IsExportable());                 Console.WriteLine( "  Removable        = " + Certificate.PrivateKey.IsRemovable());                 Console.WriteLine( "  Machine keyset   = " + Certificate.PrivateKey.IsMachineKeyset());                 Console.WriteLine( "  Hardware storage = " + Certificate.PrivateKey.IsHardwareDevice());             }             else             {                 Console.WriteLine( "Private Key: Not found." );             }             Console.WriteLine();                  if (true)             {                 int iIndex = 0;                           foreach (Extension Extension in Certificate.Extensions())                 {                     iIndex++;                     Console.WriteLine( "Extension #" + Convert.ToString(iIndex) + ": " + Extension.OID.FriendlyName + "(" + Extension.OID.Value + ")");                     Console.WriteLine( "  " + Extension.EncodedData.Format(true));                                if (Extension.EncodedData.Decoder() != null)                     {                         switch (Extension.OID.Value)                         {                             case Constants.CAPICOM_CERT_POLICIES_OID:                             {                                 CertificatePolicies CertPolicies;                                 int pIndex = 0;                                   CertPolicies = (CertificatePolicies)Extension.EncodedData.Decoder();                                 Console.WriteLine( "Decoded Certificate Policies: " + Convert.ToString(CertPolicies.Count) + " PolicyInformation(s)");                                                  foreach  (PolicyInformation PolicyInformation in CertPolicies)                                 {                                     int qIndex = 0;                                     pIndex++;                                     Console.WriteLine( "  PolicyInformation #" + Convert.ToString(pIndex) + ": " + Convert.ToString(PolicyInformation.Qualifiers.Count) + " Qualifier(s)");                                     Console.WriteLine( "    OID = " + PolicyInformation.OID.FriendlyName + "(" + PolicyInformation.OID.Value + ")");                                                                             foreach (Qualifier Qualifier  in PolicyInformation.Qualifiers)                                     {                                         qIndex++;                                         Console.WriteLine( "    Qualifier #" + Convert.ToString(qIndex) + ":");                                         Console.WriteLine( "      OID               = " + Qualifier.OID.FriendlyName + "(" + Qualifier.OID.Value + ")");                                         Console.WriteLine( "      CPS URI           = " + Qualifier.CPSPointer);                                         Console.WriteLine( "      Organization name = " + Qualifier.OrganizationName);                                         Console.WriteLine( "      Notice number(s)  = ");                                         if (Qualifier.NoticeNumbers != null)                                         {                                             foreach (NoticeNumbers NoticeNumber in Qualifier.NoticeNumbers)                                             {                                                 Console.WriteLine( Convert.ToString(NoticeNumber));                                             }                                         }                                         Console.WriteLine();                                         Console.WriteLine( "      Explicit text     = " + Qualifier.ExplicitText);                                     }                                     Console.WriteLine();                                 }                                 break;                             }                         }                     }                 }                 if (iIndex == 0)                 {                     Console.WriteLine( "Extension: None.");                     Console.WriteLine();                 }                         iIndex = 0;                 foreach (ExtendedProperty ExtendedProperty in Certificate.ExtendedProperties())                 {                     iIndex ++;                     Console.WriteLine( "Property #" + Convert.ToString(iIndex) + " (ID = " + ExtendedProperty.PropID + "):" );                     Console.WriteLine( "  " + ExtendedProperty.get_Value(CAPICOM_ENCODING_TYPE.CAPICOM_ENCODE_BASE64));                 }                 if (iIndex == 0)                 {                     Console.WriteLine( "Property: None.");                     Console.WriteLine();                 }                               }         }     }         }

　　

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//****************************************************************************** // // THIS CODE AND INFORMATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, // EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED // WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND/OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. // // Copyright (C) 1999- 2002.  Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved. // //****************************************************************************** // // chainsh.cs // // This is a C# sample that illustrates how to use features introduced in // CAPICOM's bridging support to interop between CAPI and CAPICOM. // // Note: for simplicity, this script does not handle exceptions. // //******************************************************************************   using System; using CAPICOM; using System.Collections; using System.Runtime.InteropServices;     namespace Sample {     public class Win32     {                       [DllImport("crypt32.dll",CharSet=CharSet.Unicode)]         public static extern uint CertOpenSystemStore(             uint hProv,             String szSubsystemProtocol             );           [DllImport("crypt32.dll",CharSet=CharSet.Unicode)]         public static extern uint  CertFindChainInStore(             uint hCertStore,             uint dwCertEncodingType,             uint dwFindFlags,             uint dwFindType,             ref CERT_CHAIN_FIND_BY_ISSUER_PARA pvFindData,             uint pPrevChainContext             );           public struct CERT_CHAIN_FIND_BY_ISSUER_PARA         {             public int  cbSize;             public String pszUsageIdentifier;              public uint dwKeySpec;             public uint dwAcquirePrivateKeyFlags;             public uint cIssuer;             public uint rgIssuer;             public uint pfnFindCallback;             public uint pvFindArg;             public uint pdwIssuerChainIndex;             public uint pdwIssuerElementIndex;         }     }           class Sample     {         [STAThread]         public static void Main(string[] args)         {               uint pStoreContext  = 0;             uint pChainContext  = 0;             String [] input     = new String[2];             bool done           = false;                           displayHelp();               while (!done)             {                 Console.Write(">>");                 input = Console.ReadLine().Split(' ');                                   //parse command line                 if (input[0].ToLower() == "q" || input[0].ToLower() == "quit")                 {                     done = true;                 }                 else if(input[0].ToLower() == "help" || input[0].ToLower() == "h")                 {                     displayHelp();                 }                 else if (input[0].ToLower() == "open"  || input[0].ToLower() == "o")                 {                     if (input.Length == 2)                     {                         pStoreContext = openStore(input[1]);                     }                     else                     {                         displayHelp();                     }                 }                 else if (input[0].ToLower() == "chains" || input[0].ToLower() == "c")                 {                     showChains(pStoreContext);                  }                 else if (input[0].ToLower() == "display"  || input[0].ToLower() == "d")                 {                     if (input.Length == 2)                     {                         pChainContext = getChainFromStore(pStoreContext, System.Convert.ToInt32(input[1]));                                               if (pChainContext == 0)                         {                             Console.WriteLine("Couldn't display chain with indexnvalid chain index.");                         }                         else                                        {                             displayChain(pChainContext);                         }                     }                     else                     {                         displayHelp();                     }                                       }                 else if (input[0].ToLower() == "verify"  || input[0].ToLower() == "v")                 {                     if (input.Length == 2)                     {                         pChainContext = getChainFromStore(pStoreContext, System.Convert.ToInt32(input[1]));                                                   if (pChainContext == 0)                         {                             Console.WriteLine("Invalid chain index.");                         }                         else                         {                                           checkValidity(pChainContext);                                               }                     }                     else                     {                         displayHelp();                                  }                       }             }         }                   public static uint openStore(String szStoreName)         {                           uint  pStoreContext = 0;     // system store handle             ICertStore iStore;                      Store oStore;                // CAPICOM object                           //verify that valid system store name was passed in             if (szStoreName.ToLower() != "my" &                 szStoreName.ToLower() != "ca" &                 szStoreName.ToLower() != "root")             {                   displayHelp();                 return 0;             }                                       try             {                 //open system store, use default CSP                 pStoreContext = Win32.CertOpenSystemStore(                     0,                     szStoreName);                                   // API bridging                 oStore = new StoreClass();                 iStore = (ICertStore)oStore;                 iStore.StoreHandle = (int)pStoreContext;                   Console.WriteLine ("The store has " + oStore.Certificates.Count + " certificates");                                   return pStoreContext;             }             catch (Exception e)             {                 Console.WriteLine("Error in " + e.Source + ": " + e.Message);                 return 0;             }         }         public static void showChains(uint pStoreContext)         {             const uint X509_ASN_ENCODING                        = 0x00000001;             const uint PKCS_7_ASN_ENCODING                      = 0x00010000;             const uint CERT_CHAIN_FIND_BY_ISSUER                = 1;             const uint CERT_CHAIN_FIND_BY_ISSUER_NO_KEY_FLAG    =  0x4000;               uint  pChainContext = 0;                                   if (pStoreContext == 0)             {                   Console.WriteLine("No store is currently open.");                 return;             }                           Win32.CERT_CHAIN_FIND_BY_ISSUER_PARA pvFindPara =                                 new Win32.CERT_CHAIN_FIND_BY_ISSUER_PARA();                           //get size of CERT_CHAIN_FIND_BY_ISSUER_PARA struct             pvFindPara.cbSize = Marshal.SizeOf(pvFindPara);             try             {                 //get first chain                 pChainContext = Win32.CertFindChainInStore(                     pStoreContext,                     X509_ASN_ENCODING | PKCS_7_ASN_ENCODING,                     CERT_CHAIN_FIND_BY_ISSUER_NO_KEY_FLAG,                     CERT_CHAIN_FIND_BY_ISSUER,                     ref pvFindPara,                     0                     );                   //get the rest                      while (pChainContext != 0)                 {                     displayChain(pChainContext);  // display chains                     pChainContext = Win32.CertFindChainInStore(                         pStoreContext,                         X509_ASN_ENCODING | PKCS_7_ASN_ENCODING,                         CERT_CHAIN_FIND_BY_ISSUER_NO_KEY_FLAG,                         CERT_CHAIN_FIND_BY_ISSUER,                         ref pvFindPara,                         pChainContext);                                       }                 return;             }             catch (Exception e)             {                 Console.WriteLine("Error in " + e.Source + ": " + e.Message);                 return;             }         }         public static uint getChainFromStore(uint pStoreContext, int index)         {             const uint X509_ASN_ENCODING                        = 0x00000001;             const uint PKCS_7_ASN_ENCODING                      = 0x00010000;             const uint CERT_CHAIN_FIND_BY_ISSUER                = 1;             const uint CERT_CHAIN_FIND_BY_ISSUER_NO_KEY_FLAG    =  0x4000;               uint  pChainContext = 0;                                   if (pStoreContext == 0)             {                   Console.WriteLine("No store is currently open.");                 return 0;             }                           Win32.CERT_CHAIN_FIND_BY_ISSUER_PARA pvFindPara =                 new Win32.CERT_CHAIN_FIND_BY_ISSUER_PARA();                           //get size of CERT_CHAIN_FIND_BY_ISSUER_PARA struct             pvFindPara.cbSize = Marshal.SizeOf(pvFindPara);             try             {                 //get the chain                 while (index > 0)                 {                     pChainContext = Win32.CertFindChainInStore(                         pStoreContext,                         X509_ASN_ENCODING | PKCS_7_ASN_ENCODING,                         CERT_CHAIN_FIND_BY_ISSUER_NO_KEY_FLAG,                         CERT_CHAIN_FIND_BY_ISSUER,                         ref pvFindPara,                         pChainContext);                       if (pChainContext == 0)                     {                         Console.WriteLine(" Couldn't find chain with index " + index);                         return 0;                     }                                       index--;                                    }                 return pChainContext;             }             catch (Exception e)             {                 Console.WriteLine("Error in " + e.Source + ": " + e.Message);                 return 0;             }         }         public static void checkValidity(uint pChainContext)         {               IChainContext iChain;             CAPICOM.Chain oChain;               int status;                               //API bridging             oChain = new ChainClass();             iChain = (IChainContext)oChain;             iChain.ChainContext = (int)pChainContext;               //get status of the entire chain             status = oChain.get_Status(0);                           if (status == 0)             {                 Console.Write("The chain appears trustworthy.");                 Console.WriteLine();                 return;             }                           Console.WriteLine("The chain is invalid.");               // display specific chain status             // note: for simplicity, only SOME possible status             // values are presented below             if ((status & Constants.CAPICOM_TRUST_IS_NOT_TIME_VALID) == Constants.CAPICOM_TRUST_IS_NOT_TIME_VALID)                 Console.WriteLine("Chain status: not time valid");                               if ((status & Constants.CAPICOM_TRUST_IS_NOT_TIME_NESTED) == Constants.CAPICOM_TRUST_IS_NOT_TIME_NESTED)                 Console.WriteLine("Chain status: time nested.");                               if ((status & Constants.CAPICOM_TRUST_IS_REVOKED) == Constants.CAPICOM_TRUST_IS_REVOKED)                 Console.WriteLine("Chain status: is revoked");                               if ((status & Constants.CAPICOM_TRUST_IS_NOT_SIGNATURE_VALID) == Constants.CAPICOM_TRUST_IS_REVOKED)                 Console.WriteLine("Chain status:  invalid signature");                               if ((status & Constants.CAPICOM_TRUST_IS_UNTRUSTED_ROOT) == Constants.CAPICOM_TRUST_IS_UNTRUSTED_ROOT)                     Console.WriteLine("Chain status: untrusted root");                               if ((status & Constants.CAPICOM_TRUST_REVOCATION_STATUS_UNKNOWN) == Constants.CAPICOM_TRUST_REVOCATION_STATUS_UNKNOWN)                     Console.WriteLine("Chain status: revocation status unknown");                               if ((status & Constants.CAPICOM_TRUST_INVALID_EXTENSION) == Constants.CAPICOM_TRUST_INVALID_EXTENSION)                     Console.WriteLine("Chain status: invalid extension");                               if ((status & Constants.CAPICOM_TRUST_INVALID_POLICY_CONSTRAINTS) == Constants.CAPICOM_TRUST_INVALID_POLICY_CONSTRAINTS)                     Console.WriteLine("Chain status: invalid policy constraints");                               if ((status & Constants.CAPICOM_TRUST_INVALID_BASIC_CONSTRAINTS) == Constants.CAPICOM_TRUST_INVALID_BASIC_CONSTRAINTS)                     Console.WriteLine("Chain status: invalid basic constraints");                               if ((status & Constants.CAPICOM_TRUST_INVALID_NAME_CONSTRAINTS) == Constants.CAPICOM_TRUST_INVALID_NAME_CONSTRAINTS)                     Console.WriteLine("Chain status:  invalid name constraints");                               if ((status & Constants.CAPICOM_TRUST_IS_OFFLINE_REVOCATION) == Constants.CAPICOM_TRUST_IS_OFFLINE_REVOCATION)                     Console.WriteLine("Chain status: offline revocation");                           if ((status & Constants.CAPICOM_TRUST_IS_PARTIAL_CHAIN) == Constants.CAPICOM_TRUST_IS_PARTIAL_CHAIN)                     Console.WriteLine("Chain status: partial chain");                               Console.WriteLine();                                   }         public static void displayChain(uint pChainContext)         {             Certificate cert;             IChainContext iChain;             CAPICOM.Chain oChain;                               IEnumerator eEnum;             int i = 0;                                   //API bridging             oChain = new ChainClass();             iChain = (IChainContext)oChain;             iChain.ChainContext = (int)pChainContext;               //get the number of certificates in chain             eEnum = oChain.Certificates.GetEnumerator();                           Console.WriteLine();             Console.WriteLine("Chain: ");               //display properties of each certificate in the chain             while (eEnum.MoveNext() == true)             {                 i++;                 cert = (Certificate) eEnum.Current;                 Console.WriteLine("Certificate: " + i);                 Console.WriteLine("Subject: " + cert.SubjectName);                 Console.WriteLine("Issuer: " + cert.IssuerName);                 Console.WriteLine("Hash: " + cert.Thumbprint);                 Console.WriteLine("Valid From: " + cert.ValidFromDate);                 Console.WriteLine("Valid To: " + cert.ValidToDate);                 Console.WriteLine();             }         }                     public static void displayHelp()         {             const int HELP_PAD = 30;               Console.WriteLine("Usage:");             Console.WriteLine();             Console.Write("[h]elp".PadRight(HELP_PAD, ' '));             Console.WriteLine("This screen");               Console.WriteLine();             Console.Write("[o]pen <store name>".PadRight(HELP_PAD, ' '));             Console.WriteLine("Open 'my', 'ca', or 'root' system store");                                               Console.WriteLine();             Console.Write("[c]hains".PadRight(HELP_PAD, ' '));             Console.WriteLine("List all chains found in store");                               Console.WriteLine();             Console.Write("[d]isplay <idx>".PadRight(HELP_PAD, ' '));             Console.WriteLine("<idx> is the number of the chain to display");               Console.WriteLine();             Console.Write("[v]erify <idx>".PadRight(HELP_PAD, ' '));             Console.WriteLine("<idx> is the number of the chain to verify");               Console.WriteLine();             Console.Write("[q]uit".PadRight(HELP_PAD, ' '));             Console.WriteLine("Exit this program.");               Console.WriteLine();         }       } }