day7 面向对象进阶

    面向对象高级语法部分

    通过@staticmethod装饰器即可把其装饰的方法变为一个静态方法,什么是静态方法呢?其实不难理解,普通的方法,可以在实例化后直接调用,并且在方法里可以通过self.调用实例变量或类变量,但静态方法是不可以访问实例变量或类变量的,一个不能访问实例变量和类变量的方法,其实相当于跟类本身已经没什么关系了,它与类唯一的关联就是需要通过类名来调用这个方法。

class SchoolMember(object):
    def __init__(self,name,age,sex):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.sex = sex

    member_nums = 0
    def introduce(self):
        print("My name is %s,and I am %s year old." %(self.name,self.age))

    @staticmethod
    def talk():
        print("I like to study python")

class Teacher(SchoolMember):
    def __init__(self,name,age,sex,course,salary):
        super(Teacher,self).__init__(name,age,sex)
        self.course = course
        self.salary = salary

    def Teaching(self):
        print("Teacher %s is teaching %s." %(self.name,self.course))



s1 = Teacher("alex",22,"Femal","python",10000)

print("before:",s1.member_nums)
SchoolMember.member_nums = 12
print("before:",s1.member_nums)


s1.member_nums = 666     #是在类中重新生成一个变量

print("after:",s1.member_nums)
SchoolMember.member_nums = 12
print("after:",s1.member_nums)

    在上面代码中,member_nums是类变量,如果直接调用s1.member_nums的话,调用的是类里面的值;如果s1.member_nums = 666,等于在实例里面增加了一个新的变量,这个时候,修改类的值的时候,是不会影响实例里面变量的值的。上面代码的输出结果如下:

    before: 0
  before: 12
  after: 666
  after: 666

    类的静态方法@staticmethon:

class SchoolMember(object):
    def __init__(self,name,age,sex):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.sex = sex

    member_nums = 0
    def introduce(self):
        print("My name is %s,and I am %s year old." %(self.name,self.age))

    @classmethod        #类方法,不能访问实例变量
    def talk(self):
        print("%s like to study python"  %SchoolMember.member_nums)

    @staticmethod
    def walk(self):
        print("%s is walking......" %self.name)


#SchoolMember.talk()    #不能调用,类是没有办法访问实例变量,只能访问自己
s1 = SchoolMember("Alex",22,"Female")  #实例化
s1.walk()
运行结果如下:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/zhuzhu/day7/staticmethon方法.py", line 22, in <module>
    s1.walk()
TypeError: walk() missing 1 required positional argument: 'self'

    上面代码中,如果没有@staticmethon的话,代码执行肯定没有问题,但是当有了@staticmethod的时候,系统提示少了一个参数。如果我们把一个方法变成了一个静态方法,那么这个方法与实例就没有太大的关系了。

class SchoolMember(object):
    def __init__(self,name,age,sex):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.sex = sex

    member_nums = 0
    def introduce(self):
        print("My name is %s,and I am %s year old." %(self.name,self.age))

    @classmethod        #类方法,不能访问实例变量
    def talk(self):
        print("%s like to study python"  %SchoolMember.member_nums)

    @staticmethod        #让方法在类中剥离,与类没有关系,调用要传递参数
    def walk(self):
        print("%s is walking......" %self)


#SchoolMember.talk()    #不能调用,类是没有办法访问实例变量,只能访问自己
s1 = SchoolMember("Alex",22,"Female")  #实例化
s1.walk("alex")

    @staticmethod静态方法是让类中的方法与类没有关联,调用的时候要传递参数才能调用。

    类方法

    类方法通过@classmethod装饰器实现,类方法和普通方法的区别是, 类方法只能访问类变量,不能访问实例变量

class SchoolMember(object):
    def __init__(self,name,age,sex):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.sex = sex

    member_nums = 0
    def introduce(self):
        print("My name is %s,and I am %s year old." %(self.name,self.age))

    #@classmethod        #类方法,不能访问实例变量
    def talk(self):
        print("%s like to study python"  %self.name)

SchoolMember.member_nums
#SchoolMember.talk()    #不能调用,类是没有办法访问实例变量,只能访问自己
s1 = SchoolMember("Alex",22,"Female")  #实例化
s1.talk()

    上面代码中,(1)类是不能直接访问实例里面的属性的;(2)@classmethod的作用是让程序只能访问类中的变量,比如上面代码中的SchoolMember.member_nums,这个是类的方法,我们可以在talk中进行访问,但是不能访问self.name,因为@classmethod只能访问类属性。

   

class SchoolMember(object):
    def __init__(self,name,age,sex):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.sex = sex

    member_nums = 0
    def introduce(self):
        print("My name is %s,and I am %s year old." %(self.name,self.age))

    @classmethod        #类方法,不能访问实例变量
    def talk(self):
        print("%s like to study python"  %self.name)

SchoolMember.member_nums
#SchoolMember.talk()    #不能调用,类是没有办法访问实例变量,只能访问自己
s1 = SchoolMember("Alex",22,"Female")  #实例化
s1.talk()

运行结果如下:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/zhuzhu/day7/staticmethon方法.py", line 18, in <module>
    s1.talk()
  File "/home/zhuzhu/day7/staticmethon方法.py", line 13, in talk
    print("%s like to study python"  %self.name)
AttributeError: type object 'SchoolMember' has no attribute 'name'

    从上面可以看出,上面的代码@classmethon禁止了类中的实例变量,只能使用类变量。即不能使用self.name、self.age和self.sex,只能使用self.nember_nums和SchoolMember.member_nums类的变量。如下:

class SchoolMember(object):
    def __init__(self,name,age,sex):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.sex = sex

    member_nums = 0
    def introduce(self):
        print("My name is %s,and I am %s year old." %(self.name,self.age))

    @classmethod        #类方法,不能访问实例变量
    def talk(self):
        print("%s like to study python"  %SchoolMember.member_nums)

SchoolMember.member_nums
#SchoolMember.talk()    #不能调用,类是没有办法访问实例变量,只能访问自己
s1 = SchoolMember("Alex",22,"Female")  #实例化
s1.talk()

运行结果如下:
0 like to study python

    属性方法

    属性方法的作用就是通过@property把一个方法变成一个静态属性

class SchoolMember(object):
    def __init__(self,name,age,sex):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.sex = sex

    member_nums = 0
    def introduce(self):
        print("My name is %s,and I am %s year old." %(self.name,self.age))

    @classmethod        #类方法,不能访问实例变量
    def talk(self):
        print("%s like to study python"  %SchoolMember.member_nums)

    @property     #把类的方法变成一个属性,调用要使用s1.walk不加括号直接调用,称为一个属性
    def walk(self):
        print("%s is walking......" %self.name)


#SchoolMember.talk()    #不能调用,类是没有办法访问实例变量,只能访问自己
s1 = SchoolMember("Alex",22,"Female")  #实例化
s1.walk()
运行结果如下:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/zhuzhu/day7/staticmethon方法.py", line 22, in <module>
    s1.walk()
TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not callable

     如果不添加@property的话,程序是能够正常运行的,但是添加了@property之后,程序运行出现错误,是什么原因呢?因为@property是将类的方法变成了类的属性,调用的时候我们只需执行s1.walk()无需添加括号即可执行,如下:

class SchoolMember(object):
    def __init__(self,name,age,sex):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.sex = sex

    member_nums = 0
    def introduce(self):
        print("My name is %s,and I am %s year old." %(self.name,self.age))

    @classmethod        #类方法,不能访问实例变量
    def talk(self):
        print("%s like to study python"  %SchoolMember.member_nums)

    @property     #把类的方法变成一个属性,调用要使用s1.walk不加括号直接调用,称为一个属性
    def walk(self):
        print("%s is walking......" %self.name)


#SchoolMember.talk()    #不能调用,类是没有办法访问实例变量,只能访问自己
s1 = SchoolMember("Alex",22,"Female")  #实例化
s1.walk
运行结果如下:
Alex is walking......

    上面代码中,@property是将类的方法变成了成员的属性,我们可以直接使用s1.walk即可调用。

    经典类vs新式类  

class A:             #经典类的写法,新式类是A(object)尽量少用经典类,都用新式类现在
    def __init__(self,name):
        self.name = name

    def f1(self):
        print("f1,搞基")

class B(A):
    def __init__(self,name):
        super(B,self).__init__(name)

    # def f1(self):
    #     print("f1,来呀")

class C(A):
    def __init__(self,name):
        super(C,self).__init__(name)

    #def f1(self):
        #print("f1,一起搞!")

class D(B,C):
    pass

d = D("Alex")
d.f1()

 

    上面代码中,D类继承了B类和C类,当我们执行D类中的方法是,首先是在B类中进行查找,这个经典类和新式类都是一样的,如果查找不到,经典类是去A类中进行查找,而新式类是去C类中查找,实例如下:(备注:必须去2.X版本中运行才有差别,3.X进行优化,B类中查找不到都去C类中查找)

    下面是经典类和新式类的执行顺序:

    (新式类)先执行同级的类

   

    (2)经典类(先执行上一级的类)

posted @ 2017-06-01 07:09  (野生程序员)  阅读(288)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报