MySQL的varchar定义长度到底是字节还是字符

相信这个问题也会困扰不少人,尤其是使用过其它数据库(如Oracle)的人,之前我也没有太在意这个问题,再加上一些书籍和网上的文章讲的不够细致,又没测试过,导致我一直理解错误。下面通过实例来解释,在开始之前先简单介绍下字符和字节的区别。
字符 人们使用的记号,抽象意义上的一个符号。一个汉字和英文就是一个字符,如'1', '中', 'a', '$', '¥',…… 
字节 计算机中存储数据的单元,一个8位的二进制数,是一个很具体的存储空间,如0x01, 0x45, 0xFA,……
详细的可以参考http://www.regexlab.com/zh/encoding.htm,正确理解相关概念还是很重要的。
好了,如果你已经理解了字符和字节的区别,下面就容易多了。
环境:CentOS5.x,MySQL5.1.x
UTF8字符集下:
SQL>create table test(id int auto_increment,name varchar(10),primary key(id));
SQL>insert into test values(null,'1234567890');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
SQL>insert into test values(null,'一二三四五六七八九十');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
SQL>insert into test values(null,'abcdefghig');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
SQL>insert into test values(null,12345678901);
ERROR 1406 (22001): Data too long for column 'name' at row 1
SQL>insert into test values(null,'一二三四五六七八九十1');
ERROR 1406 (22001): Data too long for column 'name' at row 1
SQL>insert into test values(null,'一二三四五六七八九十一');
ERROR 1406 (22001): Data too long for column 'name' at row 1
SQL>select id,name,length(name),char_length(name) from test;

  1. +----+--------------------------------+--------------+-------------------+  
  2. | id | name                           | length(name) | char_length(name) |  
  3. +----+--------------------------------+--------------+-------------------+  
  4. |  1 | 1234567890                     |           10 |                10 |  
  5. |  2 | 一二三四五六七八九十            |           30 |                10 |  
  6. |  3 | abcdefghig                     |           10 |                10 |  
  7. +----+--------------------------------+--------------+-------------------+  
  8. rows in set (0.00 sec) 

GBK字符集下:
SQL>create table test(id int auto_increment,name varchar(10),primary key(id));
SQL>insert into test values(null,'1234567890');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
SQL>insert into test values(null,'一二三四五六七八九十');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
SQL>insert into test values(null,'abcdefghig');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
SQL>insert into test values(null,12345678901);
ERROR 1406 (22001): Data too long for column 'name' at row 1
SQL>insert into test values(null,'一二三四五六七八九十1');
ERROR 1406 (22001): Data too long for column 'name' at row 1
SQL>insert into test values(null,'一二三四五六七八九十一');
ERROR 1406 (22001): Data too long for column 'name' at row 1
SQL>select id,name,length(name),char_length(name) from test;

  1. +----+----------------------+--------------+-------------------+  
  2. | id | name                 | length(name) | char_length(name) |  
  3. +----+----------------------+--------------+-------------------+  
  4. |  1 | 1234567890           |           10 |                10 |  
  5. |  2 | 一二三四五六七八九十  |           20 |                10 |  
  6. |  3 | abcdefghig           |           10 |                10 |  
  7. +----+----------------------+--------------+-------------------+  
  8. rows in set (0.00 sec) 

由此可见,varchar定义的长度的单位是字符,哪怕是1个多字节字符也是1个字符,如中文和英文字母都被当作1个字符来对待。
那么varchar能够定义的最大长度是多少呢?这个和你当前所使用的字符集有关。抛开字符,其最大长度为65535字节(这是最大行大小,由所有列共享),而放在不同的字符集下,能够定义的最大长度就会有所不同,如UTF8下是21845。据说MySQL5中varchar的长度也为字符,而MySQL4中的则为字节,未经证实,感兴趣的有环境可以自己测下。
顺便补充一下,char数据类型定义的长度也为字符,其最大长度为255。
SQL>create table test(id int auto_increment,name char(5),primary key(id));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.09 sec)
SQL>insert into test values(null,'123');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
SQL>insert into test values(null,'12345');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
SQL>insert into test values(null,'一二三');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
SQL>insert into test values(null,'一二三四五');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
SQL>insert into test values(null,123456);
ERROR 1406 (22001): Data too long for column 'name' at row 1
SQL>insert into test values(null,'一二三四五1');
ERROR 1406 (22001): Data too long for column 'name' at row 1
SQL>select id,name,length(name),char_length(name) from test;

    1. +----+-----------------+--------------+-------------------+  
    2. | id | name            | length(name) | char_length(name) |  
    3. +----+-----------------+--------------+-------------------+  
    4. |  1 | 123             |            3 |                 3 |  
    5. |  2 | 12345           |            5 |                 5 |  
    6. |  3 | 一二三           |            9 |                 3 |  
    7. |  4 | 一二三四五       |           15 |                 5 |  
    8. +----+-----------------+--------------+-------------------+  
    9. rows in set (0.00 sec) 

posted on 2016-08-19 08:37  刘先森  阅读(4255)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报

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