can·cer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change in bowel movements. While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they can also have other causes. Over 100 types of cancers affect humans.
Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths. Another 10% are due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity or excessive drinking of alcohol. Other factors include certain infections, exposure to ionizing radiation, and environmental pollutants.
In the developing world, 15% of cancers are due to infections such as Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, human papillomavirus infection, Epstein–Barr virus [幽门螺杆菌、乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎、人乳头瘤病毒感染、爱泼斯坦-巴尔病毒] and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These factors act, at least partly, by changing the genes of a cell.
Typically, many genetic changes are required before cancer develops. Approximately 5–10% of cancers are due to inherited genetic defects. Cancer can be detected by certain signs and symptoms or screening tests. It is then typically further investigated by medical imaging and confirmed by biopsy [活组织检查]. A biopsy is the removal and examination of fluids or tissue from a patient's body in order to discover why they are ill. e.g. "a breast biopsy",噢,人脑不用活组织检查,就是ax + b, sin, cos就是超越(transcendental)函数了?
The risk of developing certain cancers can be reduced by not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, limiting alcohol intake, eating plenty of vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, vaccination against certain infectious diseases, limiting consumption of processed meat and red meat, and limiting exposure to direct sunlight.
Early detection through screening is useful for cervical and colorectal cancer [宫颈癌和结直肠癌]. The benefits of screening in breast cancer are controversial. Cancer is often treated with some combination of radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapy. Pain and symptom management are an important part of care. Palliative [缓和的] care is particularly important in people with advanced disease. 绥靖是appeasement。colon:结肠;rectum:直肠。
The chance of survival depends on the type of cancer and extent of disease at the start of treatment. In children under 15 at diagnosis, the five-year survival rate in the developed world is on average 80%. For cancer in the United States, the average five-year survival rate is 66%. 美国的新冠感染率倒是很领先。
2022-3-12, 德国人口82,293,457, 累计确诊16,881,948(较昨日+297,024), 20.5%感染率 百度疫情实时大数据报告
In 2015, about 90.5 million people had cancer. As of 2019, about 18 million new cases occur annually. Annually, it caused about 8.8 million deaths (15.7% of deaths). 全球新冠累计死亡6,049,118。
The most common types of cancer in males are lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and stomach cancer. In females, the most common types are breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, and cervical cancer. 无论男女都应该不抽烟,多吃蔬菜水果,少吃加工肉和红肉啊。
If skin cancer other than melanoma [黑色素瘤] were included in total new cancer cases each year, it would account for around 40% of cases. In children, acute lymphoblastic leukemia [急性淋巴细胞白血病] and brain tumors are most common, except in Africa, where non-Hodgkin lymphoma occurs more often. In 2012, about 165,000 children under 15 years of age were diagnosed with cancer. The risk of cancer increases significantly with age, and many cancers occur more commonly in developed countries. Rates are increasing as more people live to an old age and as lifestyle changes occur in the developing world. The financial costs of cancer were estimated at 1.16 trillion USD per year as of 2010.
The word comes from the ancient Greek καρκίνος, meaning crab and tumor. Greek physicians Hippocrates and Galen, among others, noted similarity of crabs to some tumors with swollen veins. The word was introduced in English in the modern medical sense around 1600.
六级/考研单词: abnormal, invade, benign, tumor, symptom, lump, bleed, prolong, cough, bowel, affection, tobacco, obese, physics, excess, infect, radiate, pollute, virus, defect, detect, farther, investigate, fluid, tissue, breast, ax, sinister, heal, intake, vegetation, grain, controversy, seldom, therapy, appease, colon, diagnose, unite, million, lung, acute, trillion, physician, swell, vessel
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