beard

A beard is the hair that grows on the chin, upper lip, lower lip, cheeks, and neck of humans and some non-human animals. In humans, usually only pubescent or adult males are able to grow beards. Some women with hirsutism, a hormonal condition of excessive hairiness, may develop a beard. 胡须是长在人类和一些非人类动物的下巴、上唇、下唇、脸颊和脖子上的毛发。在人类中，通常只有青春期或成年男性才能留胡子。有些多毛症的女性可能会留胡子。多毛症是一种荷尔蒙分泌过多的多毛症。

Throughout the course of history, societal attitudes toward male beards have varied widely depending on factors such as prevailing cultural-religious traditions and the current era's fashion trends. Some religions (such as Islam, Traditional Christianity, Orthodox Judaism and Sikhism) have considered a full beard to be absolutely essential for all males able to grow one and mandate it as part of their official dogma. 纵观历史，社会对男性胡须的态度因主流文化、宗教传统和当今时代的时尚趋势等因素而大相径庭。一些宗教（如伊斯兰教、传统基督教、东正教犹太教和锡克教）认为，对于所有能够蓄胡须并将其作为官方教义的一部分的男性来说，蓄满胡须是绝对必要的。

Other cultures, even while not officially mandating it, view a beard as central to a man's virility, exemplifying such virtues as wisdom, strength, sexual prowess and high social status. 其他文化，即使没有正式规定蓄胡须，也认为蓄胡须是男人阳刚之气的核心，体现了智慧、力量、性能力和高社会地位等美德。

Confucius held that the human body was a gift from one's parents to which no alterations should be made. Aside from abstaining from body modifications such as tattoos, Confucians were also discouraged from cutting their hair, fingernails or beards. To what extent people could actually comply with this ideal depended on their profession; farmers or soldiers could probably not grow long beards as it would have interfered with their work. 孔子认为，人的身体是父母送给他的礼物，不应该改变。除了避免纹身等身体修饰外，儒家也不鼓励剪头发、指甲或胡须。人们能在多大程度上真正遵守这一理想取决于他们的职业；农民或士兵可能不会留长胡子，因为这会干扰他们的工作。

Friedrich Engels [恩格斯] exhibiting a full moustache and beard that was a common style among Europeans of the 19th century; James Harden, nicknamed "the Beard"

 

Different types of beards : 1) Incipient 2) Moustache 3) Goatee or Mandarin 4) Spanish-style 5) Long sideburns 6) Sideburn joined by his moustache 7) Style Van Dyke 8) Full beard.

whisker: 络腮胡子; (猫﹑鼠等的)须。whisk: 打蛋器; 挥,甩。

六级/考研单词: cheek, excess, prevail, era, vogue, orthodox, indispensable, mandate, dogma, confucian, modify, discourage, comply, probable, interfere, exhibit, nickname, van