aviation

Aviation is the activities surrounding mechanical flight and the aircraft industry. Aircraft includes fixed-wing and rotary-wing types, morphable wings, wing-less lifting bodies, as well as lighter-than-air craft such as hot air balloons and airships.

航空是围绕着机械飞行和飞机工业的活动。飞机包括固定翼和旋转翼类型、变形翼、无翼升力体，以及比空气轻的飞行器，如热气球和飞艇。

Aviation began in the 18th century with the development of the hot air balloon, an apparatus capable of atmospheric displacement through buoyancy. Some of the most significant advancements in aviation technology came with the controlled gliding flying of Otto Lilienthal in 1896; then a large step in significance came with the construction of the first powered airplane by the Wright brothers in the early 1900s. Since that time, aviation has been technologically revolutionized by the introduction of the jet which permitted a major form of transport throughout the world.

随着热气球的发展，航空业开始于18世纪，热气球是一种能够通过浮力在大气内移动的装置。1896年，奥托·利林塔尔（Otto Lilienthal）的受控滑翔飞行，是航空技术最重大的进步之一；后来，莱特兄弟在20世纪初建造了第一架动力飞机，意义重大。从那时起，喷气式飞机的引入使航空业在技术上发生了革命性的变化，它允许在世界各地进行一种主要的运输方式。

The word aviation was coined by the French writer and former naval officer Gabriel La Landelle in 1863. He derived the term from the verb avier ("to fly"), itself derived from the Latin word avis ("bird") and the suffix -ation.

航空这个词是由法国作家、前海军军官加布里埃尔·拉兰德尔在1863年创造的。他从动词avier（“飞”）衍生出该词，其本身也从拉丁语单词avis（“鸟”）和后缀-ation衍生而来。

There are early legends of human flight such as the stories of Icarus in Greek myth, Jamshid and Shah Kay Kāvus in Persian myth, and the flying automaton of Archytas of Tarentum (428–347 BC).

有人类飞行的早期传说，比如希腊神话中的伊卡洛斯、波斯神话中的贾姆希德和沙赫·凯·卡乌斯，以及塔伦图姆（公元前428-347年）的阿基塔斯的飞行机器人。

The modern age of aviation began with the first untethered human lighter-than-air flight on November 21, 1783, of a hot air balloon designed by the Montgolfier brothers.

1783年11月21日，蒙哥尔菲耶兄弟设计了一个热气球，第一次无人驾驶的比空气轻的飞行开启了现代航空时代。

Rigid airships became the first aircraft to transport passengers and cargo over great distances. The best known aircraft of this type were manufactured by the German Zeppelin company.

刚性飞艇成为第一种远距离运送乘客和货物的飞机。这类最著名的飞机是由德国齐柏林飞艇公司制造的。

In 1799, Sir George Cayley set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.

1799年，乔治·凯利爵士提出了现代飞机作为固定翼飞行器的概念，该飞行器具有独立的升力、推进和控制系统。

There are many competing claims for the earliest powered, heavier-than-air flight. The first recorded powered flight was carried out by Clément Ader on October 9, 1890 in his bat-winged, fully self-propelled fixed-wing aircraft, the Ader Éole. It was reportedly the first manned, powered, heavier-than-air flight of a significant distance (50 m (160 ft)) but insignificant altitude from level ground.

对于最早的动力比空气重的飞行，有许多相互竞争的主张。1890年10月9日，克莱门特·阿德尔驾驶他的蝙蝠翼全自动固定翼飞机“阿德埃奥勒”进行了第一次有记录的动力飞行。据报道，这是第一次有人、有动力、比空气重的飞行，距离地面很远（50米（160英尺）），但高度很低。

Seven years later, on 14 October 1897, Ader's Avion III was tested without success in front of two officials from the French War ministry. The report on the trials was not publicized until 1910, as they had been a military secret. In November 1906, Ader claimed to have made a successful flight on 14 October 1897, achieving an "uninterrupted flight" of around 300 metres (980 feet). Although widely believed at the time, these claims were later discredited.

七年后的1897年10月14日，阿德尔的Avion III在法国战争部的两名官员面前进行了测试，但没有成功。有关试验的报告直到1910年才公布，因为它们是军事机密。1906年11月，阿德尔声称在1897年10月14日成功飞行，实现了大约300米（980英尺）的“不间断飞行”。尽管当时人们普遍相信这些说法，但后来这些说法遭到了质疑。

The Wright brothers made the first successful powered, controlled and sustained airplane flight on December 17, 1903, a feat made possible by their invention of three-axis control. Only a decade later, at the start of World War I, heavier-than-air powered aircraft had become practical for reconnaissance, artillery spotting, and even attacks against ground positions.

莱特兄弟于1903年12月17日成功地进行了第一次动力、控制和持续的飞机飞行，这一壮举是因为他们发明了三轴控制。仅仅十年后，在第一次世界大战开始时，比空气动力更重的飞机已经成为侦察、火炮定位甚至攻击地面阵地的实用工具。

General aviation includes all non-scheduled civil flying, both private and commercial. General aviation may include business flights, air charter, private aviation, flight training, ballooning, paragliding, parachuting, gliding, hang gliding, aerial photography, foot-launched powered hang gliders, air ambulance, crop dusting, charter flights, traffic reporting, police air patrols and forest fire fighting.

通用航空包括所有不定期民用飞行，包括私人和商业飞行。通用航空可能包括商务飞行、包机、私人航空、飞行训练、气球、滑翔伞、降落伞、滑翔、悬挂式滑翔、航空摄影、脚踏式电动悬挂式滑翔机、空中救护车、作物除尘、包机、交通报告、警察空中巡逻和森林灭火。

The earliest references for vertical flight came from China. Since around 400 BC, Chinese children have played with bamboo flying toys (or Chinese top). The bamboo-copter, also known as the bamboo dragonfly or Chinese top (Chinese zhuqingting (竹蜻蜓), Japanese taketombo 竹蜻蛉), is a toy helicopter rotor that flies up when its shaft is rapidly spun.

垂直飞行的最早参考文献来自中国。大约从公元前400年起，中国儿童就开始玩竹子飞行玩具（或中国陀螺）。竹直升机，也被称为竹蜻蜓或中国陀螺, 是一个玩具直升机旋翼，当它的机轴快速旋转时，它会飞起来。

It was not until the early 1480s, when Italian polymath Leonardo da Vinci created a design for a machine that could be described as an "aerial screw", that any recorded advancement was made towards vertical flight. His notes suggested that he built small flying models, but there were no indications for any provision to stop the rotor from making the craft rotate. As scientific knowledge increased and became more accepted, people continued to pursue the idea of vertical flight.

直到14世纪80年代初，意大利博学家莱昂纳多·达·芬奇（Leonardo da Vinci）发明了一种可以被称为“空中螺丝”的机器设计，才有记录地朝着垂直飞行前进。他的笔记表明他建造了小型飞行模型，但没有迹象表明有任何措施可以阻止旋翼使飞行器旋转。随着科学知识的增加和被接受，人们继续追求垂直飞行的想法。

In July 1754, Russian Mikhail Lomonosov had developed a small coaxial modeled after the Chinese top but powered by a wound-up spring device and demonstrated it to the Russian Academy of Sciences. It was powered by a spring, and was suggested as a method to lift meteorological instruments. In 1783, Christian de Launoy, and his mechanic, Bienvenu, used a coaxial version of the Chinese top in a model consisting of contrarotating turkey flight feathers as rotor blades, and in 1784, demonstrated it to the French Academy of Sciences.

1754年7月，俄罗斯的米哈伊尔·罗蒙诺索夫（Mikhail Lomonosov）开发了一种小型同轴电缆，它模仿中国的陀螺，但由一个卷绕弹簧装置驱动，并向俄罗斯科学院进行了演示。它由弹簧驱动，被建议作为一种提升气象仪器的方法。1783年，克里斯蒂安·德·劳诺伊（Christian de Launoy）和他的机修工卞福汝（Bienvenu）在一个模型中使用了中国上衣的同轴版本，该模型由反向旋转的火鸡飞行羽毛组成，作为转子叶片，并于1784年向法国科学院展示。

In 1861, the word "helicopter" was coined by Gustave de Ponton d'Amécourt, a French inventor who demonstrated a small steam-powered model. In July 1901, the maiden flight of Hermann Ganswindt's helicopter took place in Berlin-Schöneberg; this was probably the first heavier-than-air motor-driven flight carrying humans. In 1885, Thomas Edison was given US$1,000 (equivalent to $28,000 today) by James Gordon Bennett, Jr., to conduct experiments towards developing flight. In 1906, two French brothers, Jacques and Louis Breguet, began experimenting with airfoils for helicopters. In 1907, those experiments resulted in the Gyroplane No.1, possibly as the earliest known example of a quadcopter.

1861年，“直升机”一词由法国发明家古斯塔夫·德·庞顿·达美考特（Gustave de Ponton d'Amécourt）发明，他展示了一种小型蒸汽动力模型。1901年7月，赫尔曼·甘斯温特的直升机在柏林舍内堡首次飞行；这可能是第一次搭载人类的重于空气的机动飞行。1885年，小詹姆斯·戈登·贝内特（James Gordon Bennett，Jr.）给托马斯·爱迪生（Thomas Edison）1000美元（相当于今天的2.8万美元），用于进行飞行试验。1906年，两个法国兄弟雅克和路易斯·布雷盖开始试验直升机的机翼。1907年，这些实验产生了1号旋翼机，可能是已知的最早的四旋翼机。

Focke designed the world's first practical transverse twin-rotor helicopter, the Focke-Wulf Fw 61, which first flew on 26 June 1936. During World War II, Nazi Germany used helicopters in small numbers for observation, transport, and medical evacuation. In the United States, Russian-born engineer Igor Sikorsky and Wynn Laurence LePage competed to produce the U.S. military's first helicopter.

Focke设计了世界上第一架实用的横向双旋翼直升机Focke Wulf Fw 61，该直升机于1936年6月26日首次飞行。二战期间，纳粹德国使用少量直升机进行观察、运输和医疗后送。在美国，出生于俄罗斯的工程师伊戈尔·西科尔斯基（Igor Sikorsky）和韦恩·劳伦斯·莱佩奇（Wynn Laurence LePage）竞相生产美国军方的第一架直升机。

Igor Sikorsky and the world's first mass-produced helicopter, the Sikorsky R-4, 1944
伊戈尔·西科尔斯基和世界上第一架大规模生产的直升机，西科尔斯基R-4，1944年

 

六级/考研单词: aviation, balloon, apparatus, displace, glide, construct, airplane, jet, derive, verb, legend, myth, rigid, cargo, manufacture, altitude, militant, sustain, feat, artillery, charter, parachute, aerial, patrol, vertical, bamboo, helicopter, shaft, rapid, spin, screw, rotate, pursuit, academy, mechanic, turkey, maiden, probable, equivalent, conduct, evacuate, unite