MySQL explain详解
参考链接:https://www.cnblogs.com/butterfly100/archive/2018/01/15/8287569.html
https://www.cnblogs.com/liujingyuan789/p/6061188.html
Explain简介
本文主要讲述如何通过 explain 命令获取 select 语句的执行计划,通过 explain 我们可以知道以下信息:表的读取顺序,数据读取操作的类型,哪些索引可以使用,哪些索引实际使用了,表之间的引用,每张表有多少行被优化器查询等信息。
下面是使用 explain 的例子:
在 select 语句之前增加 explain 关键字,MySQL 会在查询上设置一个标记,执行查询时,会返回执行计划的信息,而不是执行这条SQL(如果 from 中包含子查询,仍会执行该子查询,将结果放入临时表中)。
mysql> explain select * from actor; +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | actor | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | NULL | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+
在查询中的每个表会输出一行,如果有两个表通过 join 连接查询,那么会输出两行。表的意义相当广泛:可以是子查询、一个 union 结果等。
explain 有两个变种:
1)explain extended:会在 explain 的基础上额外提供一些查询优化的信息。紧随其后通过 show warnings 命令可以 得到优化后的查询语句,从而看出优化器优化了什么。额外还有 filtered 列,是一个半分比的值,rows * filtered/100 可以估算出将要和 explain 中前一个表进行连接的行数(前一个表指 explain 中的id值比当前表id值小的表)。
mysql> explain extended select * from film where id = 1; +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | film | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+ mysql> show warnings; +-------+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Level | Code | Message | +-------+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Note | 1003 | /* select#1 */ select '1' AS `id`,'film1' AS `name` from `test`.`film` where 1 | +-------+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
2)explain partitions:相比 explain 多了个 partitions 字段,如果查询是基于分区表的话,会显示查询将访问的分区。
explain 中的列
接下来我们将展示 explain 中每个列的信息。
1. id列
id列的编号是 select 的序列号,有几个 select 就有几个id,id是一组数字,表示查询中执行select子句或操作表的顺序,如果id相同,则执行顺序从上至下,如果是子查询,id的序号会递增,id越大则优先级越高,越先会被执行,id列为null的就表是这是一个结果集,不需要使用它来进行查询。MySQL将 select 查询分为简单查询和复杂查询。复杂查询分为三类:简单子查询、派生表(from语句中的子查询)、union 查询。
1)简单子查询
mysql> explain select (select 1 from actor limit 1) from film; +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | film | index | NULL | idx_name | 32 | NULL | 1 | Using index | | 2 | SUBQUERY | actor | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 2 | Using index | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+
2)from子句中的子查询
mysql> explain select id from (select id from film) as der; +----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | <derived2> | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | NULL | | 2 | DERIVED | film | index | NULL | idx_name | 32 | NULL | 1 | Using index | +----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+
这个查询执行时有个临时表别名为der,外部 select 查询引用了这个临时表
3)union查询
mysql> explain select 1 union all select 1; +----+--------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+--------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | No tables used | | 2 | UNION | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | No tables used | | NULL | UNION RESULT | <union1,2> | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Using temporary | +----+--------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------+
union结果总是放在一个匿名临时表中,临时表不在SQL中出现,因此它的id是NULL。
2. select_type列
select_type 表示对应行是是简单还是复杂的查询,如果是复杂的查询,又是上述三种复杂查询中的哪一种。
1)simple:表示不需要union操作或者不包含子查询的简单select查询。有连接查询时,外层的查询为simple,且只有一个。
mysql> explain select * from film where id = 2; +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | film | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | NULL | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
2)primary:一个需要union操作或者含有子查询的select,位于最外层的单位查询的select_type即为primary。且只有一个。
3)subquery:包含在 select 中的子查询(不在 from 子句中)
4)derived:包含在 from 子句中的子查询。MySQL会将结果存放在一个临时表中,也称为派生表(derived的英文含义)
用这个例子来了解 primary、subquery 和 derived 类型
mysql> explain select (select 1 from actor where id = 1) from (select * from film where id = 1) der; +----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | <derived3> | system | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1 | NULL | | 3 | DERIVED | film | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | NULL | | 2 | SUBQUERY | actor | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | Using index | +----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
5)union:在 union 中的第二个和随后的 select
6)union result:从 union 临时表检索结果的 select 在union和union all语句中,因为它不需要参与查询,所以id字段为null
用这个例子来了解 union 和 union result 类型:
mysql> explain select 1 union all select 1; +----+--------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+--------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | No tables used | | 2 | UNION | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | No tables used | | NULL | UNION RESULT | <union1,2> | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Using temporary | +----+--------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------+
7) dependent union:与union一样,出现在union 或union all语句中,但是这个查询要受到外部查询的影响
8) dependent subquery:与dependent union类似,表示这个subquery的查询要受到外部表查询的影响。
3. table列
4. type列
这一列表示关联类型或访问类型,即MySQL决定如何查找表中的行。
依次从最优到最差分别为:system > const > eq_ref > ref > fulltext > ref_or_null > index_merge > unique_subquery > index_subquery > range > index > ALL
除了all之外,其他的type都可以使用到索引,除了index_merge之外,其他的type只可以用到一个索引
NULL:mysql能够在优化阶段分解查询语句,在执行阶段用不着再访问表或索引。例如:在索引列中选取最小值,可以单独查找索引来完成,不需要在执行时访问表
mysql> explain select min(id) from film; +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Select tables optimized away | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+------------------------------+
const, system
:mysql能对查询的某部分进行优化并将其转化成一个常量(可以看show warnings 的结果)。用于 primary key 或 unique key 的所有列与常数比较时,所以表最多有一个匹配行,读取1次,速度比较快。system:表中只有一行数据或者是空表,const:使用唯一索引或者主键,返回记录一定是1行记录的等值where条件时,通常type是const。其他数据库也叫做唯一索引扫描。
mysql> explain extended select * from (select * from film where id = 1) tmp; +----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | <derived2> | system | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1 | 100.00 | NULL | | 2 | DERIVED | film | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL | +----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+ mysql> show warnings; +-------+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+ | Level | Code | Message | +-------+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+ | Note | 1003 | /* select#1 */ select '1' AS `id`,'film1' AS `name` from dual | +-------+------+---------------------------------------------------------------+
mysql> explain select * from film_actor left join film on film_actor.film_id = film.id; +----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+-------------------+---------+-------------------------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+-------------------+---------+-------------------------+------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | film_actor | index | NULL | idx_film_actor_id | 8 | NULL | 3 | Using index | | 1 | SIMPLE | film | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | test.film_actor.film_id | 1 | NULL | +----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+-------------------+---------+-------------------------+------+-------------+
ref
:使用普通索引或者唯一性索引的部分前缀,索引要和某个值相比较,可能会找到多个符合条件的行。不像eq_ref那样要求连接顺序,也没有主键和唯一索引的要求,只要使用相等条件检索时就可能出现,常见于辅助索引的等值查找。或者多列主键、唯一索引中,使用第一个列之外的列作为等值查找也会出现,总之,返回数据不唯一的等值查找就可能出现。
1. 简单 select 查询,name是普通索引(非唯一索引) mysql> explain select * from film where name = "film1"; +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | film | ref | idx_name | idx_name | 33 | const | 1 | Using where; Using index | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+ 2.关联表查询,idx_film_actor_id是film_id和actor_id的联合索引,这里使用到了film_actor的左边前缀film_id部分。 mysql> explain select * from film left join film_actor on film.id = film_actor.film_id; +----+-------------+------------+-------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+--------------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+------------+-------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+--------------+------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | film | index | NULL | idx_name | 33 | NULL | 3 | Using index | | 1 | SIMPLE | film_actor | ref | idx_film_actor_id | idx_film_actor_id | 4 | test.film.id | 1 | Using index | +----+-------------+------------+-------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+--------------+------+-------------+
fulltext:全文索引检索,要注意,全文索引的优先级很高,若全文索引和普通索引同时存在时,mysql不管代价,优先选择使用全文索引。
ref_or_null
:类似ref
,但是可以搜索值为NULL的行。
mysql> explain select * from film where name = "film1" or name is null; +----+-------------+-------+-------------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | film | ref_or_null | idx_name | idx_name | 33 | const | 2 | Using where; Using index | +----+-------------+-------+-------------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+
index_merge
:表示使用了索引合并的优化方法。表示查询使用了两个以上的索引,最后取交集或者并集,常见and ,or的条件使用了不同的索引,官方排序这个在ref_or_null之后,但是实际上由于要读取多个索引,性能可能都不如range。 例如下表:id是主键,tenant_id是普通索引。or 的时候没有用 primary key,而是使用了 primary key(id) 和 tenant_id 索引
mysql> explain select * from role where id = 11011 or tenant_id = 8888; +----+-------------+-------+-------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+---------+------+------+-------------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+---------+------+------+-------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | role | index_merge | PRIMARY,idx_tenant_id | PRIMARY,idx_tenant_id | 4,4 | NULL | 134 | Using union(PRIMARY,idx_tenant_id); Using where | +----+-------------+-------+-------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+---------+------+------+-------------------------------------------------+
range
:范围扫描通常出现在 >,<,is null,between ,in ,like等操作中。使用一个索引来检索给定范围的行。
mysql> explain select * from actor where id > 1; +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | actor | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 2 | Using where | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
index
:索引全表扫描,把索引从头到尾扫一遍,常见于使用索引列就可以处理不需要读取数据文件的查询、可以使用索引排序或者分组的查询。
mysql> explain select count(*) from film; +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | film | index | NULL | idx_name | 33 | NULL | 3 | Using index | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+
ALL:
即全表扫描,意味着mysql需要从头到尾去查找所需要的行。通常情况下这需要增加索引来进行优化了
mysql> explain select * from actor; +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | actor | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | NULL | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+
5. possible_keys列
这一列显示查询可能使用哪些索引来查找。
explain 时可能出现 possible_keys 有列,而 key 显示 NULL 的情况,这种情况是因为表中数据不多,mysql认为索引对此查询帮助不大,选择了全表查询。
如果该列是NULL,则没有相关的索引。在这种情况下,可以通过检查 where 子句看是否可以创造一个适当的索引来提高查询性能,然后用 explain 查看效果。
6. key列
这一列显示mysql实际采用哪个索引来优化对该表的访问。,select_type为index_merge时,这里可能出现两个以上的索引,其他的select_type这里只会出现一个。
如果没有使用索引,则该列是 NULL。如果想强制mysql使用或忽视possible_keys列中的索引,在查询中使用 force index、ignore index。
7. key_len列
这一列显示了mysql在索引里使用的字节数,通过这个值可以算出具体使用了索引中的哪些列。 key_len只计算where条件用到的索引长度,而排序和分组就算用到了索引,也不会计算到key_len中。举例来说,film_actor的联合索引 idx_film_actor_id 由 film_id 和 actor_id 两个int列组成,并且每个int是4字节。通过结果中的key_len=4可推断出查询使用了第一个列:film_id列来执行索引查找。
mysql> explain select * from film_actor where film_id = 2; +----+-------------+------------+------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+------------+------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | film_actor | ref | idx_film_actor_id | idx_film_actor_id | 4 | const | 1 | Using index | +----+-------------+------------+------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
key_len计算规则如下:
- 字符串
- char(n):n字节长度
- varchar(n):2字节存储字符串长度,如果是utf-8,则长度 3n + 2 字节长度和具体的字符编码有关.如utf-8一个字符就是三个字符.key_len的长度是以字节为单位的.
- 数值类型
- tinyint:1字节
- smallint:2字节
- int:4字节
- bigint:8字节
- 时间类型
- date:3字节
- timestamp:4字节
- datetime:8字节
- 如果字段允许为 NULL,需要1字节记录是否为 NULL
索引最大长度是768字节,当字符串过长时,mysql会做一个类似左前缀索引的处理,将前半部分的字符提取出来做索引。
8. ref列
9. rows列
这一列是mysql估计要读取并检测的行数,注意这个不是结果集里的行数,不是精确值。
10.filtered列
使用explain extended时会出现这个列,5.7之后的版本默认就有这个字段,不需要使用explain extended了。这个字段表示存储引擎返回的数据在server层过滤后,剩下多少满足查询的记录数量的比例,注意是百分比,不是具体记录数。
11. Extra列
这一列展示的是额外信息。有几十种,常见的重要值如下:
distinct
: 在select部分使用了distinc关键字,一旦mysql找到了与行相联合匹配的行,就不再搜索了
mysql> explain select distinct name from film left join film_actor on film.id = film_actor.film_id; +----+-------------+------------+-------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+--------------+------+------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+------------+-------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+--------------+------+------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | film | index | idx_name | idx_name | 33 | NULL | 3 | Using index; Using temporary | | 1 | SIMPLE | film_actor | ref | idx_film_actor_id | idx_film_actor_id | 4 | test.film.id | 1 | Using index; Distinct | +----+-------------+------------+-------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+--------------+------+------------------------------+
Using index
:这发生在对表的请求列都是同一索引的部分的时候,返回的列数据只使用了索引中的信息,而没有再去访问表中的行记录。是性能高的表现。
mysql> explain select id from film order by id; +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | film | index | NULL | PRIMARY | 4 | NULL | 3 | Using index | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
Using where
:表示存储引擎返回的记录并不是所有的都满足查询条件,需要在server层进行过滤。查询条件中分为限制条件和检查条件,5.6之前,存储引擎只能根据限制条件扫描数据并返回,然后server层根据检查条件进行过滤再返回真正符合查询的数据。5.6.x之后支持ICP特性,可以把检查条件也下推到存储引擎层,不符合检查条件和限制条件的数据,直接不读取,这样就大大减少了存储引擎扫描的记录数量。extra列显示using index condition
mysql> explain select * from film where id > 1; +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | film | index | PRIMARY | idx_name | 33 | NULL | 3 | Using where; Using index | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+
Using temporary
:mysql需要创建一张临时表来处理查询。出现这种情况一般是要进行优化的,首先是想到用索引来优化。表示使用了临时表存储中间结果。临时表可以是内存临时表和磁盘临时表
1. actor.name没有索引,此时创建了张临时表来distinct mysql> explain select distinct name from actor; +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | actor | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | Using temporary | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------+ 2. film.name建立了idx_name索引,此时查询时extra是using index,没有用临时表 mysql> explain select distinct name from film; +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | film | index | idx_name | idx_name | 33 | NULL | 3 | Using index | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+
Using filesort
:排序时无法使用到索引时,就会出现这个。常见于order by和group by语句中。这种情况下一般也是要考虑使用索引来优化的。
1. actor.name未创建索引,会浏览actor整个表,保存排序关键字name和对应的id,然后排序name并检索行记录 mysql> explain select * from actor order by name; +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | actor | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | Using filesort | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------+ 2. film.name建立了idx_name索引,此时查询时extra是using index mysql> explain select * from film order by name; +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | film | index | NULL | idx_name | 33 | NULL | 3 | Using index | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-------------+
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