发布符合 .NET Framework 准则的事件(C# 编程指南)
下面的过程演示了如何将符合标准 .NET Framework 模式的事件添加到您自己的类和结构中。.NET Framework 类库中的所有事件均基于 EventHandler 委托,定义如下:
public delegate void EventHandler(object sender, EventArgs e);
注意 |
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.NET Framework 2.0 引入了此委托的一个泛型版本,即 EventHandler<T>。下面的示例显示如何使用这两种版本。 |
虽然您定义的类中的事件可采用任何有效委托类型(包括会返回值的委托),但是,通常建议您使用 EventHandler 让事件采用 .NET Framework 模式,如下面的示例所示:
采用 EventHandler 模式发布事件
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(如果不需要发送含事件的自定义数据,请跳过此步骤,直接进入步骤 3a。)在发行者类和订户类均可看见的范围中声明类,并添加保留自定义事件数据所需的成员。在此示例中,会返回一个简单字符串。
public class CustomEventArgs : EventArgs { public CustomEventArgs(string s) { msg = s; } private string msg; public string Message { get { return msg; } } }
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(如果您使用的是 EventHandler 的泛型版本,请跳过此步骤。)在发布类中声明一个委托。为它指定以 EventHandler 结尾的名称。第二个参数指定自定义 EventArgs 类型。
public delegate void CustomEventHandler(object sender, CustomEventArgs a);
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使用以下任一步骤,在发布类中声明事件。
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如果没有自定义 EventArgs 类,事件类型就是非泛型 EventHandler 委托。它无需声明,因为它已在 C# 项目默认包含的 System 命名空间中进行了声明:
public event EventHandler RaiseCustomEvent;
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如果使用的是 EventHandler 的非泛型版本,并且您有一个由 EventArgs 派生的自定义类,请在发布类中声明您的事件,并且将您的委托用作类型:
class Publisher { public event CustomEventHandler RaiseCustomEvent; }
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如果使用的是泛型版本,则不需要自定义委托。相反,应将事件类型指定为 EventHandler<CustomEventArgs>,在尖括号内放置您自己的类的名称。
public event EventHandler<CustomEventArgs> RaiseCustomEvent;
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示例
下面的示例演示了上述步骤,它将自定义 EventArgs 类和 EventHandler<T> 用作事件类型。
namespace DotNetEvents { using System; using System.Collections.Generic; // Define a class to hold custom event info public class CustomEventArgs : EventArgs { public CustomEventArgs(string s) { message = s; } private string message; public string Message { get { return message; } set { message = value; } } } // Class that publishes an event class Publisher { // Declare the event using EventHandler<T> public event EventHandler<CustomEventArgs> RaiseCustomEvent; public void DoSomething() { // Write some code that does something useful here // then raise the event. You can also raise an event // before you execute a block of code. OnRaiseCustomEvent(new CustomEventArgs("Did something")); } // Wrap event invocations inside a protected virtual method // to allow derived classes to override the event invocation behavior protected virtual void OnRaiseCustomEvent(CustomEventArgs e) { // Make a temporary copy of the event to avoid possibility of // a race condition if the last subscriber unsubscribes // immediately after the null check and before the event is raised. EventHandler<CustomEventArgs> handler = RaiseCustomEvent; // Event will be null if there are no subscribers if (handler != null) { // Format the string to send inside the CustomEventArgs parameter e.Message += String.Format(" at {0}", DateTime.Now.ToString()); // Use the () operator to raise the event. handler(this, e); } } } //Class that subscribes to an event class Subscriber { private string id; public Subscriber(string ID, Publisher pub) { id = ID; // Subscribe to the event using C# 2.0 syntax pub.RaiseCustomEvent += HandleCustomEvent; } // Define what actions to take when the event is raised. void HandleCustomEvent(object sender, CustomEventArgs e) { Console.WriteLine(id + " received this message: {0}", e.Message); } } class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { Publisher pub = new Publisher(); Subscriber sub1 = new Subscriber("sub1", pub); Subscriber sub2 = new Subscriber("sub2", pub); // Call the method that raises the event. pub.DoSomething(); // Keep the console window open Console.WriteLine("Press Enter to close this window."); Console.ReadLine(); } } }