Django REST Framework简单入门(一)
Django REST Framework(简称DRF),是一个用于构建Web API的强大且灵活的工具包。
REST这个词,是Roy Thomas Fielding在他2000年的博士论文中提出的。
简单来说,RESTful架构:
(1)每一个URI代表一种资源;
(2)客户端和服务器之间,传递这种资源的某种表现层;
(3)客户端通过四个HTTP动词(GET、POST、PUT、DELETE),对服务器端资源进行操作,实现"表现层状态转化"。
理解restful:RESTful API 设计指南、理解RESTful架构
安装配置相关
1、安装
pip install djangorestframework pip install markdown # Markdown support for the browsable API. pip install django-filter # Filtering support
可选安装:
- coreapi(1.32.0+) – 支持模式生成。
- Markdown(2.1.0+) – Markdown支持可浏览的API。
- django-filter(1.0.1+) – 过滤支持。
- django-crispy-forms – 改进的HTML显示过滤。
- django-guardian(1.1.1+) – 支持对象级别的权限控制。
2、注册到app
INSTALLED_APPS = ( ... 'rest_framework', )
3、配置可视化api
urlpatterns = [ ... url(r'^api-auth/', include('rest_framework.urls')) ]
4、简单应用
1、先创建一个模型
class Role(models.Model): """ 角色表 """ title = models.CharField(max_length=32, verbose_name="角色名称") class Meta: verbose_name = "角色表" verbose_name_plural = "角色表" def __str__(self): return self.title class User(models.Model): """ 用户表 """ id = models.AutoField(primary_key=True) username = models.CharField(max_length=32, verbose_name="用户名") password = models.CharField(max_length=128, verbose_name="密码") email = models.CharField(max_length=32, verbose_name="邮箱") roles = models.ManyToManyField(to="Role", blank=True, verbose_name="用户关联的角色") class Meta: verbose_name = "用户表" verbose_name_plural = "用户表" def __str__(self): return self.username
2、Serializers(序列化器)
序列化数据,在models.py 同级目录下新建一个serializers.py
from rest_framework import serializers
# HyperlinkedModelSerializer 会自动生成一个 url 字段来表示超链接
class UserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer): class Meta: model = User
fields = ('url', 'username', 'email', 'roles')
#fields = “all”
class RoleSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer): class Meta: model = Role fields = ('title', 'permissions')
3、Views
开始写视图函数
ViewSets是一个视图集,就是把所有常见的行为组合在一起,而不是编写多个视图。如果需要的话,我们可以很容易地将这些视图分解成单独的视图,但是使用视图集使视图逻辑很好地组织,并且非常简洁。
from rest_framework import viewsets from .serializers import UserSerializer,RoleSerializer class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet): """ 允许用户查看或编辑的API路径。 """ queryset = User.objects.all() serializer_class = UserSerializer
class RoleViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet): """ 允许角色查看或编辑的API路径。 """ queryset = Role.objects.all() serializer_class = RoleSerializer
3、URLs
配置路由
因为我们使用视图集而不是视图,所以我们可以自动为我们的API生成URL conf,只需向routers类注册视图集即可
from rest_framework import routers
from rest_framework.documentation import include_docs_urls
router = routers.DefaultRouter()
router.register(r'users', views.UserViewSet)
router.register(r'roles', views.RoleViewSet)
urlpatterns = [
path('api/rbac/', include(router.urls)),
path('api-auth/', include('rest_framework.urls', namespace='rest_framework')),
path('docs/', include_docs_urls(title="rest_frameworkc api")),
]
4、Settings
所有REST框架的全局设置都被保存到一个叫做REST_FRAMEWORK的配置字典中
REST_FRAMEWORK = { 'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': [ 'rest_framework.permissions.IsAdminUser', # 登录用户才可访问 ], 'PAGE_SIZE': 10 # 分页相关 }
5、Serializers与Views详细使用
serializers.py
from rest_framework.serializers import ModelSerializer from rest_framework import serializers from .models import User class UserCreateSerializer(ModelSerializer): class Meta: model = User fields = ('user', 'username', 'email', 'roles') class UserlistSerializer(ModelSerializer): class Meta: model = User fields = ('user', 'username', 'email', 'roles') class UserdetailSerializer(ModelSerializer): class Meta: model = User fields = ('user', 'username', 'email', 'roles')
view.py
from django.shortcuts import render from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet from rest_framework import viewsets from rest_framework.response import Response from rest_framework import status from .serializers import * from .models import User class UserViewSet(ModelViewSet): def create(self, request, *args, **kwargs): self.serializer_class = UserCreateSerializer data = request.data.dict() serializer = UserCreateSerializer(data=data) if not serial.is_valid(): return Response(status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST) serializer.save() return Response(serializer.data) def destroy(self, request, *args, **kwargs): pass def update(self, request, *args, **kwargs): pass def list(self, request, *args, **kwargs): self.serializer_class = UserListSerializer self.queryset = User.objects.all() return super(UserViewSet, self).list(request) def retrieve(self, request, *args, **kwargs): pk = kwargs.get('pk', 1) self.serializer_class = UserDetailSerializer self.queryset = User.objects.filter(pk=pk) return super(UserViewSet, self).retrieve(request)
create、destroy、update、list、retrieve方法都是djangoframework默认已经有的,根据请求方法的不同调用不同的处理方式