网络编程Netty入门:责任链模式介绍
责任链模式
责任链模式为请求创建一个处理数据的链。
客户端发起的请求和具体处理请求的过程进行了解耦,责任链上的处理者负责处理请求,客户端只需要把请求发送到责任链就行了,不需要去关心具体的处理逻辑和处理请求在责任链中是怎样传递的。
想要深入的了解责任链模式,推荐看这篇文章:责任链模式的7种不同实现
假设需要组装一台电脑,假设装CPU、插内存卡、装硬盘、机箱这个过程是按照这个顺序的,那么客户只需要发送一个请求说:我需要组装一台电脑,然后其他的就不需要管了,责任链内部怎么处理和怎么传递到下一个节点,不需要进行关心。
责任链模式的简单实现
责任链模式的实现,需要4个关键要素:
1:处理器抽象类
2:处理器抽象类的具体实现类
3:保存和维护处理器信息的类
4:处理器执行的类
下面看一个简单的demo,基于责任链模式的思想:
public class PipelineDemo {
//初始化链的头部
public HandlerContext head = new HandlerContext(new AbstractHandler() {
@Override
void doHandler(HandlerContext context, Object arg) {
context.runNext(arg);
}
});
//开始执行
public void request(Object arg) {
this.head.handler(arg);
}
//添加节点到尾部
public void addLast(AbstractHandler handler) {
HandlerContext context = head;
while (context.next != null) {
context = context.next;
}
context.next = new HandlerContext(handler);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
PipelineDemo pipelineChainDemo = new PipelineDemo();
pipelineChainDemo.addLast(new Handler2());
pipelineChainDemo.addLast(new Handler1());
pipelineChainDemo.addLast(new Handler1());
pipelineChainDemo.addLast(new Handler2());
// 发起请求
pipelineChainDemo.request("火车呜呜呜~~");
}
}
//处理器的信息,维护处理器
class HandlerContext {
//下一个节点
HandlerContext next;
AbstractHandler handler;
public HandlerContext(AbstractHandler handler) {
this.handler = handler;
}
void handler(Object arg) {
this.handler.doHandler(this, arg);
}
//执行下一个
void runNext(Object arg) {
if (this.next != null) {
this.next.handler(arg);
}
}
}
//处理器抽象类
abstract class AbstractHandler {
abstract void doHandler(HandlerContext context, Object arg);
}
//处理器的具体实现类
class Handler1 extends AbstractHandler {
@Override
void doHandler(HandlerContext context, Object arg) {
arg = arg.toString() + "Handler1的小尾巴~~";
System.out.println("Handler1的实例正在处理:" + arg);
//执行下一个
context.runNext(arg);
}
}
//处理器的具体实现类
class Handler2 extends AbstractHandler {
@Override
void doHandler(HandlerContext context, Object arg) {
arg = arg.toString() + "Handler2的小尾巴~~";
System.out.println("Handler2的实例正在处理:" + arg);
//执行下一个
context.runNext(arg);
}
}
输出结果:
上面的例子只是简单的实现,为了更好的了解责任链模式,下面看下Netty中责任链的具体实现
Netty中的ChannelPipeline责任链
服务端接收客户端连接
上一篇内容说了服务端channel初始化的过程,那么当有客户端连接过来或者客户端有数据过来,服务端是怎样进行读取的呢?
@Override
protected void run() {
for (;;) {
try {
try {
switch (selectStrategy.calculateStrategy(selectNowSupplier, hasTasks())) {
case SelectStrategy.CONTINUE:
continue;
case SelectStrategy.BUSY_WAIT:
// fall-through to SELECT since the busy-wait is not supported with NIO
//轮询,当客户端连接过来或者有数据就调用select
case SelectStrategy.SELECT:
select(wakenUp.getAndSet(false));
if (wakenUp.get()) {
selector.wakeup();
}
// fall through
default:
}
} catch (IOException e) {
}
cancelledKeys = 0;
needsToSelectAgain = false;
final int ioRatio = this.ioRatio;
if (ioRatio == 100) {
try {
processSelectedKeys();
} finally {
// Ensure we always run tasks.
runAllTasks();
}
} else {
final long ioStartTime = System.nanoTime();
try {
processSelectedKeys();
} finally {
}
}
} catch (Throwable t) {
handleLoopException(t);
}
}
}
上面的代码是轮询看客户端有没有连接或者数据,有的话就会调用下面的方法:
private void processSelectedKeysOptimized() {
for (int i = 0; i < selectedKeys.size; ++i) {
final SelectionKey k = selectedKeys.keys[i];
// null out entry in the array to allow to have it GC'ed once the Channel close
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/2363
selectedKeys.keys[i] = null;
final Object a = k.attachment();
if (a instanceof AbstractNioChannel) {
processSelectedKey(k, (AbstractNioChannel) a);
} else {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
NioTask<SelectableChannel> task = (NioTask<SelectableChannel>) a;
processSelectedKey(k, task);
}
if (needsToSelectAgain) {
// null out entries in the array to allow to have it GC'ed once the Channel close
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/2363
selectedKeys.reset(i + 1);
selectAgain();
i = -1;
}
}
}
然后调用下面的方法:
private void processSelectedKey(SelectionKey k, AbstractNioChannel ch) {
final AbstractNioChannel.NioUnsafe unsafe = ch.unsafe();
try {
// Also check for readOps of 0 to workaround possible JDK bug which may otherwise lead
// to a spin loop
if ((readyOps & (SelectionKey.OP_READ | SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT)) != 0 || readyOps == 0) {
unsafe.read();
}
} catch (CancelledKeyException ignored) {
unsafe.close(unsafe.voidPromise());
}
}
上面的代码是源码删减后的一部分,着重看try里面的内容,就是说当有OP_ACCEPT或者OP_READ 事件的时候,就会调用unsafe.read()。
可以看到read有两个实现,NioMessageUnsafe是接收客户端连接时,调用里面的read方法,NioByteUnsafe是当客户端有数据可读时,调用里面的read方法,下面看下两个方法:
NioMessageUnsafe:
@Override
public void read() {
assert eventLoop().inEventLoop();
final ChannelConfig config = config();
final ChannelPipeline pipeline = pipeline();
final RecvByteBufAllocator.Handle allocHandle = unsafe().recvBufAllocHandle();
allocHandle.reset(config);
boolean closed = false;
Throwable exception = null;
try {
try {
do {
int localRead = doReadMessages(readBuf);
if (localRead == 0) {
break;
}
if (localRead < 0) {
closed = true;
break;
}
allocHandle.incMessagesRead(localRead);
} while (allocHandle.continueReading());
} catch (Throwable t) {
exception = t;
}
int size = readBuf.size();
for (int i = 0; i < size; i ++) {
readPending = false;
pipeline.fireChannelRead(readBuf.get(i));
}
readBuf.clear();
allocHandle.readComplete();
pipeline.fireChannelReadComplete();
if (exception != null) {
closed = closeOnReadError(exception);
pipeline.fireExceptionCaught(exception);
}
if (closed) {
inputShutdown = true;
if (isOpen()) {
close(voidPromise());
}
}
} finally {
// Check if there is a readPending which was not processed yet.
// This could be for two reasons:
// * The user called Channel.read() or ChannelHandlerContext.read() in channelRead(...) method
// * The user called Channel.read() or ChannelHandlerContext.read() in channelReadComplete(...) method
//
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/2254
if (!readPending && !config.isAutoRead()) {
removeReadOp();
}
}
}
然后看下里面的doReadMessages方法:
@Override
protected int doReadMessages(List<Object> buf) throws Exception {
SocketChannel ch = SocketUtils.accept(javaChannel());
try {
if (ch != null) {
buf.add(new NioSocketChannel(this, ch));
return 1;
}
} catch (Throwable t) {
logger.warn("Failed to create a new channel from an accepted socket.", t);
try {
ch.close();
} catch (Throwable t2) {
logger.warn("Failed to close a socket.", t2);
}
}
return 0;
}
第一行代码是NIO里的channel,接收客户端连接后,封装到了Netty的NioSocketChannel,断点调试:
能够看到,这里接收的是客户端连接的信息,当有客户端连接过来时,就会创建一个NioSocketChannel。
NioByteUnsafe:
下面部分的代码,是客户端有数据传输过来后,进行读取的
@Override
public final void read() {
final ChannelConfig config = config();
if (shouldBreakReadReady(config)) {
clearReadPending();
return;
}
final ChannelPipeline pipeline = pipeline();
final ByteBufAllocator allocator = config.getAllocator();
final RecvByteBufAllocator.Handle allocHandle = recvBufAllocHandle();
allocHandle.reset(config);
ByteBuf byteBuf = null;
boolean close = false;
try {
do {
byteBuf = allocHandle.allocate(allocator);
allocHandle.lastBytesRead(doReadBytes(byteBuf));
if (allocHandle.lastBytesRead() <= 0) {
// nothing was read. release the buffer.
byteBuf.release();
byteBuf = null;
close = allocHandle.lastBytesRead() < 0;
if (close) {
// There is nothing left to read as we received an EOF.
readPending = false;
}
break;
}
allocHandle.incMessagesRead(1);
readPending = false;
pipeline.fireChannelRead(byteBuf);
byteBuf = null;
} while (allocHandle.continueReading());
allocHandle.readComplete();
pipeline.fireChannelReadComplete();
if (close) {
closeOnRead(pipeline);
}
} catch (Throwable t) {
handleReadException(pipeline, byteBuf, t, close, allocHandle);
} finally {
// Check if there is a readPending which was not processed yet.
// This could be for two reasons:
// * The user called Channel.read() or ChannelHandlerContext.read() in channelRead(...) method
// * The user called Channel.read() or ChannelHandlerContext.read() in channelReadComplete(...) method
//
// See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/2254
if (!readPending && !config.isAutoRead()) {
removeReadOp();
}
}
}
pipeline.fireChannelRead(byteBuf),先从客户端读取数据后,放到了这个pipeline里面,这个pipeline就是客户端的pipeline。
pipeline初始化
先看下类图:
在channel进行创建初始化的时候,最终会走到AbstractChannel中,在AbstractChannel构造函数中可以看到,在初始化channel的时候,会创建一个Pipeline:
protected AbstractChannel(Channel parent) {
this.parent = parent;
id = newId();
unsafe = newUnsafe();
pipeline = newChannelPipeline();
}
protected DefaultChannelPipeline newChannelPipeline() {
return new DefaultChannelPipeline(this);
}
创建的Pipeline是DefaultChannelPipeline,进入DefaultChannelPipeline类中查看:
final AbstractChannelHandlerContext head; //头部
final AbstractChannelHandlerContext tail; //尾部
protected DefaultChannelPipeline(Channel channel) {
this.channel = ObjectUtil.checkNotNull(channel, "channel");
succeededFuture = new SucceededChannelFuture(channel, null);
voidPromise = new VoidChannelPromise(channel, true);
tail = new TailContext(this);
head = new HeadContext(this);
head.next = tail; //头部的下一个节点指向tail
tail.prev = head; //尾部的上一个节点指向head
}
里面有head和tail,它们是AbstractChannelHandlerContext类:
volatile AbstractChannelHandlerContext next; //指向下一个节点
volatile AbstractChannelHandlerContext prev; //指向前一个节点
private final boolean inbound; //判断是否入站事件
private final boolean outbound; //判断是否出站事件
AbstractChannelHandlerContext类的子类DefaultChannelHandlerContext:
DefaultChannelHandlerContext初始化了ChannelHandler处理器
private final ChannelHandler handler;
DefaultChannelHandlerContext(
DefaultChannelPipeline pipeline, EventExecutor executor, String name, ChannelHandler handler) {
super(pipeline, executor, name, isInbound(handler), isOutbound(handler));
if (handler == null) {
throw new NullPointerException("handler");
}
this.handler = handler;
}
根据上面的源代码可以得到ChannelPipeline初始化后的内容,可以知道,ChannelPipeline中的处理器ChannelHandler并不是直接处在ChannelPipeline中,它还有一层ChannelHandlerContext进行包装,在ChannelPipeline中,根据源码可以知道,它有一个头部和一个尾部,都是ChannelHandlerContext,而ChannelHandlerContext中有next和prev分别指向下一个context和前一个context。
画出Pipeline初始化后的结构图:
入站事件和出站事件
pipeline保存了通道所有的处理器信息,在创建一个channel的时候,会创建一个这个channel专有的pipeline,入站事件和出站事件都会调用这个pipeline上面的处理器。
private AbstractChannelHandlerContext findContextInbound() {
AbstractChannelHandlerContext ctx = this;
do {
ctx = ctx.next;
} while (!ctx.inbound);
return ctx;
}
private AbstractChannelHandlerContext findContextOutbound() {
AbstractChannelHandlerContext ctx = this;
do {
ctx = ctx.prev;
} while (!ctx.outbound);
return ctx;
}
上面两个方法的作用,是判断下一个context是不是入站或者出站事件,是的话才往下传递数据
入站事件,是指I/O线程生成的入站数据,一般是服务端读取客户端数据时,会有的操作,还有客户端连接等
出站事件,一般指服务端往客户端写入数据,bind方法绑定端口也是出站事件
下面是入站事件和出站事件的具体定义:
1:入站事件inbound
事件 | 描述 |
---|---|
fireChannelRegistered | channel注册事件 |
fireChannelUnregistered | channel解除注册事件 |
fireChannelActive | channel活跃事件,即channel已连接就绪,可以读写数据 |
fireChannelInactive | channel非活跃事件 |
fireExceptionCaught | 异常事件 |
fireUserEventTriggered | 用户自定义事件 |
fireChannelRead | channel读取事件 |
fireChannelReadComplete | channel读取完成事件 |
fireChannelWritabilityChanged | channel写状态变化事件 |
2:出站事件outbound | |
事件 | 描述 |
-- | -- |
bind | 端口绑定事件 |
connect | 连接事件 |
disconnect | 断开连接事件 |
close | 关闭事件 |
deregister | 解除注册事件 |
read | 读事件,OP_READ注册到selector |
write | 写事件 |
writeAndFlush | 写出数据事件 |
根据上面的表格可以看到,fire开头的都是入站事件,其他的一部分是出站事件,这里需要注意的是write写的时候,并没有写出数据到客户端,只有调用flush时,才是真正的把数据写出去。 |
@Override
public final ChannelPipeline fireChannelActive() {
AbstractChannelHandlerContext.invokeChannelActive(head);
return this;
}
@Override
public final ChannelPipeline fireChannelInactive() {
AbstractChannelHandlerContext.invokeChannelInactive(head);
return this;
}
@Override
public final ChannelFuture bind(SocketAddress localAddress) {
return tail.bind(localAddress);
}
@Override
public final ChannelFuture connect(SocketAddress remoteAddress) {
return tail.connect(remoteAddress);
}
根据上面的源码可以看到,入站事件都是从head头部开始,出站事件都是从tail尾部开始。
public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
System.out.println("收到客户端数据,还给客户端:" + msg);
ctx.write(msg);
}
上面代码在入站的里面调用了write,这个时候出站,就不会从tail开始了,而是从当前的ChannelHandlerContext出站,调用ctx.channel().write()时,才会从tail开始出站。
下面说下Handler是什么,有什么用。
Pipeline中的Handler
先看下类图:
bootstrap.group(bossGroup, workerGroup)
.channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
.option(ChannelOption.SO_BACKLOG, 100)
.childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
@Override
protected void initChannel(SocketChannel socketChannel) throws Exception {
ChannelPipeline p = socketChannel.pipeline();
p.addLast(handler);
}
});
在addLast上打断点,跟踪后进入DefaultChannelPipeline的方法:
@Override
public final ChannelPipeline addLast(EventExecutorGroup group, String name, ChannelHandler handler) {
final AbstractChannelHandlerContext newCtx;
synchronized (this) {
checkMultiplicity(handler);
newCtx = newContext(group, filterName(name, handler), handler);
addLast0(newCtx);
// If the registered is false it means that the channel was not registered on an eventLoop yet.
// In this case we add the context to the pipeline and add a task that will call
// ChannelHandler.handlerAdded(...) once the channel is registered.
if (!registered) {
newCtx.setAddPending();
callHandlerCallbackLater(newCtx, true);
return this;
}
EventExecutor executor = newCtx.executor();
if (!executor.inEventLoop()) {
callHandlerAddedInEventLoop(newCtx, executor);
return this;
}
}
callHandlerAdded0(newCtx);
return this;
}
private AbstractChannelHandlerContext newContext(EventExecutorGroup group, String name, ChannelHandler handler) {
return new DefaultChannelHandlerContext(this, childExecutor(group), name, handler);
}
newContext方法,把ChannelHandler封装到了AbstractChannelHandlerContext 中。
ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter和ChannelOutboundHandlerAdapter适配器类,继承这两个类,就不需要去实现所有的handler接口中的方法了,可以实现自己想要的方法就行了。
下面看下具体的维护handler的方法:
方法名 | 描述 |
---|---|
addFirst | 最前面插入,插入head的下面 |
addLast | 最后面插入,插入tail的上面 |
addBefore | 插入指定的处理器前面 |
addAfter | 插入指定的处理器后面 |
remove | 移除指定的处理器 |
removeFirst | 移除第一个处理器 |
removeLast | 移除最后一个处理器 |
replace | 替换掉指定的处理器 |
下面是channelRead方法的源码: |
public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) {
//创建channel
final Channel child = (Channel) msg;
//把处理器加入pipeline的下面
child.pipeline().addLast(childHandler);
setChannelOptions(child, childOptions, logger);
for (Entry<AttributeKey<?>, Object> e: childAttrs) {
child.attr((AttributeKey<Object>) e.getKey()).set(e.getValue());
}
try {
//把Channel注册到selector
childGroup.register(child).addListener(new ChannelFutureListener() {
@Override
public void operationComplete(ChannelFuture future) throws Exception {
if (!future.isSuccess()) {
forceClose(child, future.cause());
}
}
});
} catch (Throwable t) {
forceClose(child, t);
}
}
Pipeline、channel、EventLoop的关系
@Sharable注解,放在Handler类上,是指这个handler是共享的,可以重复的使用,如果不加这个注解,再次使用会报错。
一个EventLoop中可以有多个Channel,每个Channel中都有一个专属的ChannelPipeline,ChannelPipeline中有多个节点ChannelHandlerContext,ChannelHandlerContext中都会有一个处理器,处理器可以共享,也可以自己独有,head和tail是ChannelHandlerContext的头部和尾部,里面都有两个指针next、prev,指向下一个节点和上一个节点。
结束语
上面的内容主要是介绍Netty中的责任链相关的知识,下面会继续说下Netty中的ByteBuf内容