创建型模式 - 原型模式(拷贝对象)
原型模式(Prototype Pattern)
意图
指定创建对象的种类,并且通过拷贝创建新的对象。
原型模式复制的克隆对象≠原对象,内存地址段不同,但是属性状态相同。
角色
角色名称 | 中文名称 | 作用描述 |
---|---|---|
Client | 客户类 | 让一个原型克隆自身从而获得新的对象 |
Prototype | 原型接口 | 声明克隆的接口 |
ConcretePrototype | 具体原型类 | 实现声明的克隆接口 |
特点
- 优点
- 当要克隆的对象比较复杂时,原型模式的克隆方法能简化对象创建过程,提高创建对象效率;
- 克隆对象保持了原对象的所有属性状态;
- 原型提供了简化的创建结构;
- 缺点
- 深克隆时,要为每一个原型的属性对象都创建克隆方法,可能需要修改原有类实现,不符合对扩展开放、对修改关闭的“开闭”原则;
适用场景
- 创建对象的过程比较复杂,可以利用已有对象进行复制,如需要深克隆;
- 需要保持对象状态,或者状态变化较少,可以利用原型克隆对象。
深克隆&浅克隆
克隆:复制一个原有对象,产生一个新对象。[浅克隆,深克隆统称]
浅克隆:会复制所有属性值,如果属性是对象地址/引用,不会复制对象本身,而仅仅是复制对象地址/引用;[仅复制一次对象]
深克隆:不仅会复制所以属性值,而且会复制属性所代表对象本身,如果还包含子对象,也会进行迭代复制;[迭代复制对象]
通用类图
示例
现以一个舰船的小游戏为例:敌舰EnemyShip包含name, damage, size, position 4个共有属性。
示例代码
- 创建要克隆的原型EnemyShip接口/抽象类, 以及属性对象Position, Size对应类
EnemyShip抽象类,在clone方法复制position和size对象属性目的是为了进行深克隆。如若是浅克隆可以不用创建新属性对象。
EnemyShip类
// EnemyShip.java
public abstract class EnemyShip {
protected String name;
protected float damage;
protected Size size;
protected Position position;
public abstract EnemyShip clone();
/**
* 打印各属性信息
* 如果具体实现类有新添的属性, 需要重写该方法
*/
public void display() {
System.out.println(this.getClass().toString() + ": [" );
System.out.println("Name: " + getName());
System.out.println("Damage: " + getDamage());
System.out.println("Size: (" + getSize().getWidth() + " , " + getSize().getHeight() + ")");
System.out.println("Position: " + getPosition().getX() + " , " + getPosition().getY() + ")");
System.out.println("]");
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public float getDamage() {
return damage;
}
public void setDamage(float damage) {
this.damage = damage;
}
public Size getSize() {
return size;
}
public void setSize(Size size) {
this.size = size;
}
public Position getPosition() {
return position;
}
public void setPosition(Position position) {
this.position = position;
}
}
Position类
// Position.java
public class Position {
private int x;
private int y;
public Position(int x, int y) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}
public Position(Position p) {
this.x = p.x;
this.y = p.y;
}
public int getX() {
return x;
}
public void setX(int x) {
this.x = x;
}
public int getY() {
return y;
}
public void setY(int y) {
this.y = y;
}
}
Size类
// Size.java
public class Size {
private int width;
private int height;
public Size(int width, int height) {
this.width = width;
this.height = height;
}
public Size(Size s) {
this.width = s.width;
this.height = s.height;
}
public int getWidth() {
return width;
}
public void setWidth(int width) {
this.width = width;
}
public int getHeight() {
return height;
}
public void setHeight(int height) {
this.height = height;
}
}
- 创建具体要实现克隆的原型类UFO, Rocket, Ultimate EnemyShip
原型实现类UFOEnemyShip
// UFOEnemyShip
public class UFOEnemyShip extends EnemyShip{
@Override
public EnemyShip clone() {
EnemyShip clone = new UFOEnemyShip();
if(clone != null){
Position p = new Position(this.getPosition());
clone.setPosition(p);
Size s = new Size(this.getSize());
clone.setSize(s);
}
return clone;
}
/*
public void display() {
System.out.println(this.getClass().toString() + ": [" );
System.out.println("Name: " + getName());
System.out.println("Damage: " + getDamage());
System.out.println("Size: (" + getSize().getWidth() + " , " + getSize().getHeight() + ")");
System.out.println("Position: " + getPosition().getX() + " , " + getPosition().getY() + ")");
}*/
}
原型实现类RocketEnemyShip
// UFOEnemyShip
public class UFOEnemyShip extends EnemyShip{
@Override
public EnemyShip clone() {
EnemyShip clone = new UFOEnemyShip();
if(clone != null){
Position p = new Position(this.getPosition());
clone.setPosition(p);
Size s = new Size(this.getSize());
clone.setSize(s);
}
return clone;
}
/*
public void display() {
System.out.println(this.getClass().toString() + ": [" );
System.out.println("Name: " + getName());
System.out.println("Damage: " + getDamage());
System.out.println("Size: (" + getSize().getWidth() + " , " + getSize().getHeight() + ")");
System.out.println("Position: " + getPosition().getX() + " , " + getPosition().getY() + ")");
}*/
}
原型实现类RocketEnemyShip
// RocketEnemyShip.java
public class RocketEnemyShip extends EnemyShip {
@Override
public EnemyShip clone() {
EnemyShip clone = new RocketEnemyShip();
if(clone != null){
Position p = new Position(this.getPosition());
clone.setPosition(p);
Size s = new Size(this.getSize());
clone.setSize(s);
}
return clone;
}
}
原型实现类UltimateEnemyShip
// UltimateEnemyShip.java
public class UltimateEnemyShip extends EnemyShip {
@Override
public EnemyShip clone() {
EnemyShip clone = new UltimateEnemyShip();
if(clone != null){
Position p = new Position(this.getPosition());
clone.setPosition(p);
Size s = new Size(this.getSize());
clone.setSize(s);
}
return clone;
}
}
- 创建客户类,使用EnemyShip UFO类对象进行克隆Rocket, Ultimiate
客户端类Client
// Client.java
public class Client {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// 新建ufo
EnemyShip ufo = new UFOEnemyShip();
ufo.setName("UFO");
ufo.setDamage(15);
ufo.setPosition(new Position(0, 0));
ufo.setSize(new Size(5,5));
// 利用ufo克隆rocket
EnemyShip rocket = ufo.clone();
rocket.setName("Rocket");
rocket.setDamage(20);
rocket.setPosition(new Position(10, 12));
rocket.setSize(new Size(15, 15));
// 利用ufo克隆ultimate
EnemyShip ultimate = ufo.clone();
ultimate.setName("Ultimate");
ultimate.setDamage(100);
ultimate.setPosition(new Position(20, 16));
ultimate.setSize(new Size(30, 30));
// 显示创建对象信息
ufo.display();
rocket.display();
ultimate.display();
}
}
运行结果
Console输出结果
class DesignPattern.UFOEnemyShip: [
Name: UFO
Damage: 15.0
Size: (5 , 5)
Position: 0 , 0)
]
class DesignPattern.UFOEnemyShip: [
Name: Rocket
Damage: 20.0
Size: (15 , 15)
Position: 10 , 12)
]
class DesignPattern.UFOEnemyShip: [
Name: Ultimate
Damage: 100.0
Size: (30 , 30)
Position: 20 , 16)
]