结构型模式 - 享元模式(共享同类对象)
享元模式 flyweight pattern
简介
主要用于减少创建对象的数量,以减少内容占用和提高性能。
尝试重用现有的同类对象,如果未找到匹配的对象,则创建新对象。
意图
运用共享技术有效地支持大量细粒度的对象。
特点
主要解决:在有大量对象时,有可能会造成内存溢出,把其中共同的部分抽象出来,如果有相同的业务请求,直接返回在内存中已有的对象,避免重新创建。
何时使用:
- 系统中有大量对象;
- 这些对象消耗大量内存;
- 这些对象的状态大部分可以外部化;
- 这些对象可以按照内蕴状态分为很多组,当把外蕴对象从对象中剔除时,每一组对象都可以用一个对象来代替;
- 系统不依赖于这些对象身份,这些对象是不可分辨的;
如何解决:用唯一标识码判断,如果内存中有,则返回这个唯一标识码所标识的对象。
关键:HashMap存储
实例:
- Java中的String,如果有则返回,没有则创建一个,保存在字符串缓存池中;
- 数据库的数据池;
- 多线程中的线程池;
-
优点
大大减少对象的创建,降低系统的内存,使效率提高 -
缺点
提高系统的复杂性,需要分离出外部状态和内部状态,而且外部状态具有固有化的性质,不应该随内部状态的变化而变化,否则会造成系统混乱
使用场景
- 系统有大量相似对象;
- 需要缓冲池的场景
注意:
- 注意划分外部状态和内部状态,否则可能会引起线程安全问题;
- 这些类必须有一个工厂对象加以控制;
UML类图
实现代码
- 创建Shape接口
// Shape.java
public interface Shape {
public void draw();
}
- 创建Shape接口实体类Circle
// Circle.java
public class Circle implements Shape {
private int x, y, radius;
private String color;
public Circle(String color) {
this.color = color;
}
@Override
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Shape: Circle, position = ( " + x + ", " + y + "), radius = " + radius + ", color = " + color);
}
public void setX(int x) {
this.x = x;
}
public void setY(int y) {
this.y = y;
}
public void setRadius(int radius) {
this.radius = radius;
}
}
- 创建工厂ShapeFactory,基于给定信息生成实体类Circle,并持有一个HashMap管理实体类对象
// ShapeFacotry.java
public class ShapeFactory {
private static final HashMap<String, Shape> circleMap = new HashMap<>();
public static Shape getCircle(String color) {
Shape circle = (Circle)circleMap.get(color);
if(null == circle) {
circle = new Circle(color);
circleMap.put(color, circle);
System.out.println("Creating circle of color: " + color);
}
return circle;
}
}
- 使用该工厂,通过传递颜色信息来获取实体类对象
// FlyWeightPatternDemo.java
public class FlyWeightPatternDemo {
private static final String colors[] = {"Red", "Green", "White", "Black"};
public static void main(String[] args) {
ShapeFactory factory = new ShapeFactory();
for(int i = 0; i < 20; i ++) {
Circle circle = (Circle)factory.getCircle(getRandomColor());
circle.setX(getRandomX());
circle.setY(getRandomY());
circle.setRadius(100);
circle.draw();
}
}
private static String getRandomColor() {
return colors[(int)(Math.random() * colors.length)];
}
private static int getRandomX() {
return (int)(Math.random() * 100);
}
private static int getRandomY() {
return (int)(Math.random() * 100);
}
}
运行结果
Creating circle of color: Black
Shape: Circle, position = ( 51, 20), radius = 100, color = Black
Creating circle of color: Red
Shape: Circle, position = ( 91, 81), radius = 100, color = Red
Creating circle of color: White
Shape: Circle, position = ( 37, 31), radius = 100, color = White
Shape: Circle, position = ( 52, 18), radius = 100, color = White
Shape: Circle, position = ( 1, 78), radius = 100, color = Black
Shape: Circle, position = ( 36, 54), radius = 100, color = Red
Shape: Circle, position = ( 22, 30), radius = 100, color = White
Shape: Circle, position = ( 65, 19), radius = 100, color = White
Shape: Circle, position = ( 12, 74), radius = 100, color = Red
Creating circle of color: Green
Shape: Circle, position = ( 69, 91), radius = 100, color = Green
Shape: Circle, position = ( 82, 3), radius = 100, color = Green
Shape: Circle, position = ( 49, 64), radius = 100, color = Red
Shape: Circle, position = ( 29, 66), radius = 100, color = Green
Shape: Circle, position = ( 3, 33), radius = 100, color = Red
Shape: Circle, position = ( 84, 10), radius = 100, color = White
Shape: Circle, position = ( 46, 26), radius = 100, color = White
Shape: Circle, position = ( 61, 8), radius = 100, color = Red
Shape: Circle, position = ( 60, 35), radius = 100, color = White
Shape: Circle, position = ( 13, 40), radius = 100, color = Green
Shape: Circle, position = ( 85, 84), radius = 100, color = Red