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requests模块学习

- 基于如下5点展开requests模块的学习

  • 什么是requests模块

    • requests模块是python中原生的基于网络请求的模块，其主要作用是用来模拟浏览器发起请求。功能强大，用法简洁高效。在爬虫领域中占据着半壁江山的地位。

  • 为什么要使用requests模块

    • 因为在使用urllib模块的时候，会有诸多不便之处，总结如下：
      • 手动处理url编码
      • 手动处理post请求参数
      • 处理cookie和代理操作繁琐
      • ......
    • 使用requests模块：
      • 自动处理url编码
      • 自动处理post请求参数
      • 简化cookie和代理操作
      • ......

  • 如何使用requests模块

    • 安装：
      • pip install requests
    • 使用流程
      • 指定url
      • 基于requests模块发起请求
      • 获取响应对象中的数据值
      • 持久化存储

  • 通过5个基于requests模块的爬虫项目对该模块进行学习和巩固

    • 基于requests模块的get请求
      • 需求：爬取搜狗指定词条搜索后的页面数据
    • 基于requests模块的post请求
      • 需求：登录豆瓣电影，爬取登录成功后的页面数据
    • 基于requests模块ajax的get请求
    • 基于requests模块ajax的post请求
    • 综合练习
      • 需求：爬取搜狗知乎指定词条指定页码下的页面数据

requests返回值常用属性

import requests
url='https://www.sogou.com/'
response = requests.get(url=url)
page_data = response.text
# content获取的是response对象中的二进制（byte）类型的页面数据
print(response.content)
# 返回一个响应状态码
print(response.status_code)
# 返回响应头信息
print(response.headers)
# 获取请求的url
print(response.url)

 

- 代码展示

需求：爬取搜狗指定词条搜索后的页面数据

import requests
 
url = 'https://www.sogou.com/web?query=周杰伦&ie=utf-8'

response = requests.get(url=url)
 

page_text = response.text
 
with open('./sougou.html','w',encoding='utf-8') as fp:
 
    fp.write(page_text)

 

import requests

import os

#指定搜索关键字

word = input('enter a word you want to search:')

#自定义请求头信息

headers={

    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_0) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.100 Safari/537.36',

    }

#指定url

url = 'https://www.sogou.com/web'

#封装get请求参数

prams = {

    'query':word,

    'ie':'utf-8'

}

#发起请求

response = requests.get(url=url,params=param)

#获取响应数据

page_text = response.text

with open('./sougou.html','w',encoding='utf-8') as fp:

    fp.write(page_text)

 需求：登录豆瓣电影，爬取登录成功后的页面数据

import requests

import os

url = 'https://accounts.douban.com/login'

#封装请求参数

data = {

    "source": "movie",

    "redir": "https://movie.douban.com/",

    "form_email": "15027900535",

    "form_password": "bobo@15027900535",

    "login": "登录",

}

#自定义请求头信息

headers={

    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_0) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.100 Safari/537.36',
    }
response = requests.post(url=url,data=data)

page_text = response.text

with open('./douban111.html','w',encoding='utf-8') as fp:
    fp.write(page_text)

 需求：爬取豆瓣电影分类排行榜 https://movie.douban.com/中的电影详情数据

#!/usr/bin/env python

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import requests

import urllib.request

if __name__ == "__main__":

    #指定ajax-get请求的url（通过抓包进行获取）

    url = 'https://movie.douban.com/j/chart/top_list?'

    #定制请求头信息，相关的头信息必须封装在字典结构中

    headers = {

        #定制请求头中的User-Agent参数，当然也可以定制请求头中其他的参数

        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/66.0.3359.181 Safari/537.36',

    }

    #定制get请求携带的参数(从抓包工具中获取)

    param = {

        'type':'5',

        'interval_id':'100:90',

        'action':'',

        'start':'0',

        'limit':'20'

    }

    #发起get请求，获取响应对象

    response = requests.get(url=url,headers=headers,params=param)

    #获取响应内容：响应内容为json串

    print(response.text)

 需求：爬取肯德基餐厅查询http://www.kfc.com.cn/kfccda/index.aspx中指定地点的餐厅数据

#!/usr/bin/env python

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import requests

import urllib.request

if __name__ == "__main__":

    #指定ajax-post请求的url（通过抓包进行获取）

    url = 'http://www.kfc.com.cn/kfccda/ashx/GetStoreList.ashx?op=keyword'

    #定制请求头信息，相关的头信息必须封装在字典结构中

    headers = {

        #定制请求头中的User-Agent参数，当然也可以定制请求头中其他的参数

        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/66.0.3359.181 Safari/537.36',

    }

    #定制post请求携带的参数(从抓包工具中获取)

    data = {

        'cname':'',

        'pid':'',

        'keyword':'北京',

        'pageIndex': '1',

        'pageSize': '10'
    }

    #发起post请求，获取响应对象

    response = requests.get(url=url,headers=headers,data=data)

    #获取响应内容：响应内容为json串

    print(response.text)

 需求：爬取搜狗知乎指定词条指定页码下的页面数据

import requests

import os

#指定搜索关键字

word = input('enter a word you want to search:')

#指定起始页码

start_page = int(input('enter start page num:'))

end_page = int(input('enter end page num:'))

#自定义请求头信息

headers={

    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_0) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.100 Safari/537.36',

    }

#指定url

url = 'https://zhihu.sogou.com/zhihu'

#创建文件夹

if not os.path.exists('./sougou'):

    os.mkdir('./sougou')

for page in range(start_page,end_page+1):

    #封装get请求参数

    params = {

        'query':word,

        'ie':'utf-8',

        'page':str(page)

    }

    #发起post请求，获取响应对象

    response = requests.get(url=url,params=params)

    #获取页面数据

    page_text = response.text

    fileName = word+'_'+str(page)+'.html'

    filePath = './sougou/'+fileName

    with open(filePath,'w',encoding='utf-8') as fp:

        fp.write(page_text)

        print('爬取'+str(page)+'页结束')

 需求：微博登录

# 这种登陆方式是参考别的网友的，虽然效率很高，但我觉得普适性不强
import time
import base64
import rsa
import math
import random
import binascii
import requests
import re
from urllib.parse import quote_plus
from code_verification import code_verificate

# 构造 Request headers
agent = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_0) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.100 Safari/537.36'
cookie = 'SINAGLOBAL=4474016812274.648.1551834025909; Ugrow-G0=e66b2e50a7e7f417f6cc12eec600f517; login_sid_t=4155ebc7ff7585d4cb8b72f5606940c9; cross_origin_proto=SSL; YF-V5-G0=da1eb9ea7ccc47f9e865137ccb4cf9f3; _s_tentry=passport.weibo.com; Apache=2362810556711.141.1552442918345; ULV=1552442918361:2:2:1:2362810556711.141.1552442918345:1551834025935; WBtopGlobal_register_version=ae9a9ec008078a68; un=18301386736; YF-Page-G0=140ad66ad7317901fc818d7fd7743564; UOR=vjudge.net,widget.weibo.com,login.sina.com.cn; TC-V5-G0=b993e9b6e353749ed3459e1837a0ae89; TC-Page-G0=45685168db6903150ce64a1b7437dbbb; SUBP=0033WrSXqPxfM725Ws9jqgMF55529P9D9W5_Eisgje0ZlIg_NsklAL7I5JpX5K2hUgL.FoM7e054So.Ee0q2dJLoIp7LxKML1KBLBKnLxKqL1hnLBoMESheReKzfehqc; SCF=Aqjpvvx8Bbc0McLP1gE6KUoWNHFOzdA7-lIGd4nYy09L5SNxg2aaU8WG1oV1A6QNZB4DWWnkJABYucqfe0hhomQ.; SUB=_2A25xjM37DeRhGeFO6FIY9ifOyDqIHXVS-7gzrDV8PUNbmtAKLRjWkW9NQWM3Io3wOsFpIJ1BUaHJtRVTa3YkPDam; SUHB=0YhRTIYRErWBOm; wvr=6; wb_view_log_7030969236=1366*7681; webim_unReadCount=%7B%22time%22%3A1552521886375%2C%22dm_pub_total%22%3A0%2C%22chat_group_pc%22%3A0%2C%22allcountNum%22%3A9%2C%22msgbox%22%3A0%7D'
headers = {
    'User-Agent': agent,
    'Cookie': cookie,
}

session = requests.session()

# 访问 初始页面带上 cookie
index_url = "http://weibo.com/login.php"
yundama_username = ''
yundama_password = ''
verify_code_path = './pincode.png'


def get_pincode_url(pcid):
    size = 0
    url = "http://login.sina.com.cn/cgi/pin.php"
    pincode_url = '{}?r={}&s={}&p={}'.format(url, math.floor(random.random() * 100000000), size, pcid)
    return pincode_url


def get_img(url):
    resp = requests.get(url, headers=headers, stream=True)
    with open(verify_code_path, 'wb') as f:
        for chunk in resp.iter_content(1000):
            f.write(chunk)


def get_su(username):
    """
    对 email 地址和手机号码 先 javascript 中 encodeURIComponent
    对应 Python 3 中的是 urllib.parse.quote_plus
    然后在 base64 加密后decode
    """
    username_quote = quote_plus(username)
    username_base64 = base64.b64encode(username_quote.encode("utf-8"))
    return username_base64.decode("utf-8")


# 预登陆获得 servertime, nonce, pubkey, rsakv
def get_server_data(su):
    pre_url = "http://login.sina.com.cn/sso/prelogin.php?entry=weibo&callback=sinaSSOController.preloginCallBack&su="
    pre_url = pre_url + su + "&rsakt=mod&checkpin=1&client=ssologin.js(v1.4.18)&_="
    prelogin_url = pre_url + str(int(time.time() * 1000))
    pre_data_res = session.get(prelogin_url, headers=headers)

    sever_data = eval(pre_data_res.content.decode("utf-8").replace("sinaSSOController.preloginCallBack", ''))

    return sever_data


# 这一段用户加密密码，需要参考加密文件
def get_password(password, servertime, nonce, pubkey):
    rsaPublickey = int(pubkey, 16)
    key = rsa.PublicKey(rsaPublickey, 65537)  # 创建公钥,
    message = str(servertime) + '\t' + str(nonce) + '\n' + str(password)  # 拼接明文js加密文件中得到
    message = message.encode("utf-8")
    passwd = rsa.encrypt(message, key)  # 加密
    passwd = binascii.b2a_hex(passwd)  # 将加密信息转换为16进制。
    return passwd


def login(username, password):
    # su 是加密后的用户名
    su = get_su(username)
    sever_data = get_server_data(su)
    servertime = sever_data["servertime"]
    nonce = sever_data['nonce']
    rsakv = sever_data["rsakv"]
    pubkey = sever_data["pubkey"]
    password_secret = get_password(password, servertime, nonce, pubkey)

    postdata = {
        'entry': 'weibo',
        'gateway': '1',
        'from': '',
        'savestate': '7',
        'useticket': '1',
        'pagerefer': "http://login.sina.com.cn/sso/logout.php?entry=miniblog&r=http%3A%2F%2Fweibo.com%2Flogout.php%3Fbackurl",
        'vsnf': '1',
        'su': su,
        'service': 'miniblog',
        'servertime': servertime,
        'nonce': nonce,
        'pwencode': 'rsa2',
        'rsakv': rsakv,
        'sp': password_secret,
        'sr': '1366*768',
        'encoding': 'UTF-8',
        'prelt': '115',
        'url': 'http://weibo.com/ajaxlogin.php?framelogin=1&callback=parent.sinaSSOController.feedBackUrlCallBack',
        'returntype': 'META'
        }

    need_pin = sever_data['showpin']
    if need_pin == 1:
        # 你也可以改为手动填写验证码
        if not yundama_username:
            raise Exception('由于本次登录需要验证码，请配置顶部位置云打码的用户名{}和及相关密码'.format(yundama_username))
        pcid = sever_data['pcid']
        postdata['pcid'] = pcid
        img_url = get_pincode_url(pcid)
        get_img(img_url)
        verify_code = code_verificate(yundama_username, yundama_password, verify_code_path)
        postdata['door'] = verify_code

    login_url = 'http://login.sina.com.cn/sso/login.php?client=ssologin.js(v1.4.18)'
    login_page = session.post(login_url, data=postdata, headers=headers)
    login_loop = (login_page.content.decode("GBK"))
    pa = r'location\.replace\([\'"](.*?)[\'"]\)'
    loop_url = re.findall(pa, login_loop)[0]
    login_index = session.get(loop_url, headers=headers)
    uuid = login_index.text
    uuid_pa = r'"uniqueid":"(.*?)"'
    uuid_res = re.findall(uuid_pa, uuid, re.S)[0]
    web_weibo_url = "http://weibo.com/%s/profile?topnav=1&wvr=6&is_all=1" % uuid_res
    weibo_page = session.get(web_weibo_url, headers=headers)
    weibo_pa = r'<title>(.*?)</title>'
    user_name = re.findall(weibo_pa, weibo_page.content.decode("utf-8", 'ignore'), re.S)[0]
    print('登陆成功，你的用户名为：'+user_name)
    print(uuid_res)
    print(uuid)
    
    
#     #   保存首页的数据
#     web_weibo_url22= r'"redirect":"(.*?)"'
#     uuid_res22 = re.findall(web_weibo_url22, uuid, re.S)[0]
    
#     uuid_res22 = uuid_res22.replace("\\",'')
#     print(uuid_res22)
#     print(loop_url)
    
#     response = requests.get(url='https://weibo.com/u/7030969236/home',headers=headers)
#     print(time.ctime())
#     time.sleep(2)
#     print(time.ctime())
#     print(response.content)
#     print('---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------')
#     print(response.text)
#     page_content = response.content
#     page_text = response.text
#     page_text1= r'"html":"(.*?)"'
#     page_text1 = re.findall(page_text1, page_text, re.S)
#     for i in page_text1:
#         print(i)

    
#     with open('./douban111.html','wb') as fp:
#         fp.write( page_content)
#     with open('./weibo.html','w',encoding='utf-8') as fp:
#         fp.write( page_text)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    username = input('微博用户名：')
    password = input('微博密码：')
    login(username, password)

需求： 肯德基数据爬取并存入csv中（表格形式）

import requests
import json
import csv
url = 'http://www.kfc.com.cn/kfccda/ashx/GetStoreList.ashx?op=keyword'
agent = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_0) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.100 Safari/537.36'
headers = {
    'User-Agent': agent,
}
city = input('城市名：')
size = input('结束页：')
data={
    'cname':'' ,
    'pid': '',
    'keyword': city,
    'pageIndex': '1',
    'pageSize': size,
}
response = requests.post(url,data=data,headers=headers)
print(response.text)
dict_text = json.loads(response.text)
# print(type(dict_text))
dict_list = dict_text.get('Table1')
fileName = './kdj.csv'
# # 把数据键值对n列写入csv
# with open(fileName, "w", newline="") as csvFile:
#     csvWriter = csv.writer(csvFile)
#     for data_di in dict_list:
#         for k,v in data_di.items():
#             csvWriter.writerow([k,v])
#     csvFile.close()
# 把数据写入csv，表格形式
with open(fileName ,'w',newline='') as csvf:
    fieldnames=['rownum','storeName','addressDetail','pro','provinceName','cityName']
    writer=csv.DictWriter(csvf,fieldnames=fieldnames)
    writer.writeheader()
#     writer.writerow({'id':1,'name':'lisii','age':22,'date':20180627})
    writer.writerows(dict_list)

 

posted on 2018-12-19 09:14  风-fmgao  阅读(639)  评论(0)  编辑  收藏  举报