Socrates
1. Socrates, a great philosopher in ancient Greece, is hailed as the "Father of Western Philosophy". He advocated exploring truth through dialogue and questioning. "Know thyself" is his famous philosophical manifesto. His thoughts and methods have had an extremely profound impact on later philosophy.
苏格拉底，古希腊伟大的哲学家，被誉为“西方哲学之父”。他主张通过对话和提问来探索真理，“认识你自己”是他著名的哲学宣言。他的思想和方法对后世哲学产生了极其深远的影响。
- hailed [heɪld]：称赞
- profound [prəˈfaʊnd]：深远的
2. Athens at that time had a democratic system, but there were also certain limitations. People were not completely inclusive of different thoughts and views, and traditional concepts and beliefs occupied an important position in society.
当时的雅典是民主制度，但也存在一定的局限性。人们对于不同的思想和观点并非完全包容，传统观念和信仰在社会中占据重要地位。
- inclusive [ɪnˈkluːsɪv]：包容的
- concepts [ˈkɒnsepts]：观念
3. Socrates was reported by three individuals, Anytus, Meletus, and Lycon, on charges of impiety and corrupting youth, which in that era could undermine the rulers' authority.
苏格拉底被三人举报，分别是阿尼图、麦雷托斯和吕康，罪名是不敬神和蛊惑青少年，在那个时代质疑神明会动摇统治者的根基。
- reported [rɪˈpɔːrtɪd]：举报
- impiety [ɪmˈpaɪəti]：不敬神
- corrupting [kəˈrʌptɪŋ]：腐蚀
- undermine [ˌʌndərˈmaɪn]：动摇
4. Socrates, on trial, made his famous defense, rejecting guilt in the name of philosophy, suggesting that embracing ignorance is the start of wisdom, though such an answer could lead to severe consequences.
苏格拉底在审判中提出了著名的申辩，他以哲学的名义拒绝认罪，认为接受无知是智慧的开始，但这种回答可能会带来严重后果。
- trial [ˈtraɪəl]：审判
- defense [dɪˈfens]：申辩
- embracing [ɪmˈbreɪsɪŋ]：接受
- ignorance [ˈɪɡnərəns]：无知
- wisdom [ˈwɪzdəm]：智慧
- severe [sɪˈvɪər]：严重的
5. Socrates was thus sentenced to death, and the method of execution was by taking poison. And this painting records the scene of his last lesson to his students before drinking the poison.
苏格拉底呢就这样被判了死刑，刑的方式呢是服毒。而这幅画呢就记录了他喝毒药前给学生上最后一课的场景。
- sentenced [ˈsentənst]：判刑
- execution [ˌeksɪˈkjuːʃn]：执行
- poison [ˈpɔɪzən]：毒药
6. The death of Socrates is a classic in Western art, painted by many. Today's painting is especially popular due to its 1787 release, coinciding with the eve of the French Revolution, making Socrates a symbol of freedom for the people.
苏格拉底之死是西方绘画的经典主题，许多画家都曾描绘。今天这幅画因其1787年的发表时间而格外受欢迎，正值法国大革命前夕，象征着自由民主的苏格拉底成为民众心中的自由图腾。
- classic [ˈklæsɪk]：经典
- coincide [ˌkoʊɪnˈsaɪd]：巧合
- eve [iːv]：前夕
- symbol [ˈsɪmbəl]：象征
7. The painter, David, despite his questionable character, is ambitious. He strategically placed thirteen people in the painting, echoing The Last Supper, possibly to rival Leonardo da Vinci.
这幅画的作者大卫，虽人品有争议，却野心勃勃。他在画中巧妙地安排了十三人，模仿《最后的晚餐》，意在与达芬奇一较高下。
- painter [ˈpeɪntər]：画家
- questionable [ˈkwestʃənəbl]：有争议的
- ambitious [æmˈbɪʃəs]：有野心的
- strategically [strəˈtiːdʒɪkli]：巧妙地
- echoing [ˈekɪŋ]：模仿
8. Besides Leonardo da Vinci's composition, you can also see Raphael's postures and Caravaggio's lighting in this painting.
那除了达芬奇的构图啊，你还能够在这幅画中看到拉斐尔的动作和卡拉瓦乔的光线。
- composition [ˌkɒmpəˈzɪʃn]：构图
- postures [ˈpɒstʃərz]：动作
- lighting [ˈlaɪtɪŋ]：光线
9. And the most interesting part in this painting is the expressions of the disciples. Some are extremely grief-stricken, and some are hysterical.
而这幅画中最有趣的还属众弟子们的神态，有人悲痛欲绝，有人歇斯底里。
- interesting [ˈɪntrəstɪŋ]：有趣的
- expressions [ɪkˈspreʃənz]：神态
- grief-stricken [ɡriːf ˈstrɪkən]：悲痛欲绝的
- hysterical [hɪˈsterɪkl]：歇斯底里的
10. In the painting's corner, an elderly man Plato sits with a detached expression, contrasting with the others. He is known as a disciple of Socrates, famous for documenting his mentor's philosophy."
画中一角的老人柏拉图，以其超然的神态与周围形成对比，他是苏格拉底的弟子，以记录其师的思想而知名。
- corner [ˈkɔːrnər]：角落
- elderly [ˈeldərli]：年长的
- detached [dɪˈtætʃt]：超然的
- contrasting [ˈkɒntrɑːstɪŋ]：对比
- disciple [ˈdɪsaɪpl]：弟子
- documenting [ˈdɒkjumentɪŋ]：记录
11. The intriguing aspect of this painting is that Plato was not present at Socrates' poisoning, suggesting it might be Plato's imagined scene. Without Plato's accounts, Socrates' story would be unknown, and the authenticity of Plato's records cannot be confirmed, raising philosophical questions about the nature of documentation and creation.
这幅画的有趣之处在于，柏拉图并未目睹苏格拉底服毒，画可能在暗示这是柏拉图的想象。没有柏拉图的记载，苏格拉底的事迹将无人知晓，而柏拉图记载的真实性也无法验证，引发关于记录与创造的哲学思考。
- intriguing [ɪnˈtriːɡɪŋ]：有趣的
- poisoning [ˈpɔɪzənɪŋ]：服毒
- accounts [əˈkaʊnts]：记载
- authenticity [ɔːθenˈtɪsəti]：真实性
- documentation [ˌdɒkjumenˈteɪʃn]：记录
- creation [kriˈeɪʃn]：创造
12. The death of Socrates has far-reaching significance for the development of philosophy. His defense during the trial and his elaboration on ignorance and wisdom have become the source of continuous thinking for later philosophers. His death also promoted philosophers to explore concepts such as truth, morality and justice more deeply.
苏格拉底之死对哲学发展有着深远的意义。他在审判中的申辩，对无知与智慧的阐述，成为后世哲学家不断思考的源泉。他的死也促使哲学家们对真理、道德、正义等概念进行更深入的探索。
- far-reaching [ˌfɑːr ˈriːtʃɪŋ]：深远的
- significance [sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəns]：意义
- defense [dɪˈfens]：申辩
- elaboration [ɪˌlæbəˈreɪʃn]：阐述
- morality [məˈrælɪ
