D3D中的Z缓存使用示例
在渲染多边形网格对象到场景中的时候，离观察者越远的对象应该越模糊，同时离观察者越近的物体应该越清楚，这就是深度排序（depth sorting）。深度排序有两种常用的方法。
第一种方法称为画家算法（painter's algorithm）。这种方法将对象划分成不同的多边形，由后往前对这些多边形进行排序，再按照排好的顺序绘制出这些多边形。采用这种方法绘制多边形，能够确保前面的多边形总是在其后多边形之前进行绘制。
深度排序的第二种方法称为z缓冲方法（z- buffer），它是图形硬件设备使用最多的方法。这种方法依赖于像素，每个像素都有一个z值（z值是像素距离观察者的距离）。当每个像素被写入时，渲染器首先检查是否已经存在一个z值更小的像素，如果不存在，这个像素就被绘制出来；如果存在，就跳过该像素。
许多 3D图形加速卡都有一个内置的z缓冲，这也是深度排序选择z缓冲方法的原因。在应用程序中使用z缓冲，最容易的方法就是在创建设备对象以及设置显示方式的时候初始化z缓冲，如下所示：
同时在绘制每帧之前应该用IDirect3DDevice9::Clear来清除z缓存。
完整代码如下所示：
效果图：
第一种方法称为画家算法（painter's algorithm）。这种方法将对象划分成不同的多边形，由后往前对这些多边形进行排序，再按照排好的顺序绘制出这些多边形。采用这种方法绘制多边形，能够确保前面的多边形总是在其后多边形之前进行绘制。
深度排序的第二种方法称为z缓冲方法（z- buffer），它是图形硬件设备使用最多的方法。这种方法依赖于像素，每个像素都有一个z值（z值是像素距离观察者的距离）。当每个像素被写入时，渲染器首先检查是否已经存在一个z值更小的像素，如果不存在，这个像素就被绘制出来；如果存在，就跳过该像素。
许多 3D图形加速卡都有一个内置的z缓冲，这也是深度排序选择z缓冲方法的原因。在应用程序中使用z缓冲，最容易的方法就是在创建设备对象以及设置显示方式的时候初始化z缓冲，如下所示：
D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS d3dpp;
ZeroMemory(&d3dpp, sizeof(d3dpp));
d3dpp.Windowed = TRUE;
d3dpp.SwapEffect = D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD;
d3dpp.BackBufferFormat = d3ddm.Format;
d3dpp.EnableAutoDepthStencil = TRUE;
d3dpp.AutoDepthStencilFormat = D3DFMT_D16;
if(FAILED(g_pD3D->CreateDevice(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, D3DDEVTYPE_HAL, g_hWnd,
D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING, &d3dpp, &g_pD3DDevice)))
return FALSE;
// Set the rendering states
g_pD3DDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_LIGHTING, FALSE);
g_pD3DDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_ZENABLE, D3DZB_TRUE);
ZeroMemory(&d3dpp, sizeof(d3dpp));
d3dpp.Windowed = TRUE;
d3dpp.SwapEffect = D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD;
d3dpp.BackBufferFormat = d3ddm.Format;
d3dpp.EnableAutoDepthStencil = TRUE;
d3dpp.AutoDepthStencilFormat = D3DFMT_D16;
if(FAILED(g_pD3D->CreateDevice(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, D3DDEVTYPE_HAL, g_hWnd,
D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING, &d3dpp, &g_pD3DDevice)))
return FALSE;
// Set the rendering states
g_pD3DDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_LIGHTING, FALSE);
g_pD3DDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_ZENABLE, D3DZB_TRUE);
同时在绘制每帧之前应该用IDirect3DDevice9::Clear来清除z缓存。
// clear device back buffer
g_d3d_device->Clear(0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_TARGET | D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER, D3DCOLOR_RGBA(0, 0, 0, 255), 1.0f, 0);
g_d3d_device->Clear(0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_TARGET | D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER, D3DCOLOR_RGBA(0, 0, 0, 255), 1.0f, 0);
完整代码如下所示：
/***************************************************************************************
PURPOSE:
ZBuffer Demo
Required libraries:
WINMM.LIB, D3D9.LIB, D3DX9.LIB.
***************************************************************************************/
#include <windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "d3d9.h"
#include "d3dx9.h"
#pragma comment(lib, "winmm.lib")
#pragma comment(lib, "d3d9.lib")
#pragma comment(lib, "d3dx9.lib")
#pragma warning(disable : 4305)
#define WINDOW_WIDTH 400
#define WINDOW_HEIGHT 400
#define Safe_Release(p) if((p)) (p)->Release();
// window handles, class and caption text.
HWND g_hwnd;
HINSTANCE g_inst;
static char g_class_name[] = "ZBufferClass";
static char g_caption[] = "ZBuffer Demo";
// the Direct3D and device object
IDirect3D9* g_d3d = NULL;
IDirect3DDevice9* g_d3d_device = NULL;
// The 3D vertex format and descriptor
typedef struct
{
float x, y, z; // 3D coordinates
D3DCOLOR color; // diffuse color
} VERTEX;
#define VERTEX_FVF (D3DFVF_XYZ | D3DFVF_DIFFUSE)
IDirect3DVertexBuffer9* g_vertex_buffer = NULL;
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Window procedure.
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
long WINAPI Window_Proc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
switch(msg)
{
case WM_DESTROY:
PostQuitMessage(0);
return 0;
}
return (long) DefWindowProc(hwnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
}
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Initialize d3d, d3d device, vertex buffer; set render state for d3d;
// set perspective matrix and view matrix.
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BOOL Do_Init()
{
D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS present_param;
D3DDISPLAYMODE display_mode;
D3DXMATRIX mat_proj, mat_view;
BYTE* vertex_ptr;
// initialize vertex data
VERTEX verts[] = {
{ -100.0f, -100.0f, 0.0f, D3DCOLOR_RGBA(255,0,0,255) },
{ -100.0f, 100.0f, 0.0f, D3DCOLOR_RGBA(255,0,0,255) },
{ 100.0f, -100.0f, 0.0f, D3DCOLOR_RGBA(255,0,0,255) },
{ 100.0f, 100.0f, 0.0f, D3DCOLOR_RGBA(255,0,0,255) },
{ -100.0f, -100.0f, 0.0f, D3DCOLOR_RGBA(255,0,0,255) },
{ -100.0f, 100.0f, 0.0f, D3DCOLOR_RGBA(255,0,0,255) },
{ -100.0f, -100.0f, 0.0f, D3DCOLOR_RGBA(0,0,255,255) },
{ -100.0f, 100.0f, 0.0f, D3DCOLOR_RGBA(0,0,255,255) },
{ 100.0f, -100.0f, 0.0f, D3DCOLOR_RGBA(0,0,255,255) },
{ 100.0f, 100.0f, 0.0f, D3DCOLOR_RGBA(0,0,255,255) },
};
// do a windowed mode initialization of Direct3D
if((g_d3d = Direct3DCreate9(D3D_SDK_VERSION)) == NULL)
return FALSE;
// retrieves the current display mode of the adapter
if(FAILED(g_d3d->GetAdapterDisplayMode(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, &display_mode)))
return FALSE;
ZeroMemory(&present_param, sizeof(present_param));
// initialize d3d presentation parameter
present_param.Windowed = TRUE;
present_param.SwapEffect = D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD;
present_param.BackBufferFormat = display_mode.Format;
present_param.EnableAutoDepthStencil = TRUE;
present_param.AutoDepthStencilFormat = D3DFMT_D16;
// creates a device to represent the display adapter
if(FAILED(g_d3d->CreateDevice(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, D3DDEVTYPE_HAL, g_hwnd,
D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING, &present_param, &g_d3d_device)))
return FALSE;
// set render state
// disable d3d lighting
g_d3d_device->SetRenderState(D3DRS_LIGHTING, FALSE);
// enable z-buffer
g_d3d_device->SetRenderState(D3DRS_ZENABLE, D3DZB_TRUE);
// create and set the projection matrix
// builds a left-handed perspective projection matrix based on a field of view
D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH(&mat_proj, D3DX_PI/4.0, 1.33333, 1.0, 1000.0);
// sets a single device transformation-related state
g_d3d_device->SetTransform(D3DTS_PROJECTION, &mat_proj);
// create and set the view matrix
D3DXMatrixLookAtLH(&mat_view,
&D3DXVECTOR3(0.0, 0.0, -500.0),
&D3DXVECTOR3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f),
&D3DXVECTOR3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
g_d3d_device->SetTransform(D3DTS_VIEW, &mat_view);
// create the vertex buffer and set data
g_d3d_device->CreateVertexBuffer(sizeof(verts), 0, VERTEX_FVF, D3DPOOL_DEFAULT, &g_vertex_buffer, NULL);
// locks a range of vertex data and obtains a pointer to the vertex buffer memory
g_vertex_buffer->Lock(0, 0, (void**)&vertex_ptr, 0);
memcpy(vertex_ptr, verts, sizeof(verts));
// unlocks vertex data
g_vertex_buffer->Unlock();
return TRUE;
}
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Release all d3d resource.
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BOOL Do_Shutdown()
{
Safe_Release(g_vertex_buffer);
Safe_Release(g_d3d_device);
Safe_Release(g_d3d);
return TRUE;
}
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Render a frame.
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BOOL Do_Frame()
{
D3DXMATRIX mat_world;
// clear device back buffer
g_d3d_device->Clear(0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_TARGET | D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER, D3DCOLOR_RGBA(0, 0, 0, 255), 1.0f, 0);
// Begin scene
if(SUCCEEDED(g_d3d_device->BeginScene()))
{
// set the vertex stream, shader.
// binds a vertex buffer to a device data stream
g_d3d_device->SetStreamSource(0, g_vertex_buffer, 0, sizeof(VERTEX));
// set the current vertex stream declation
g_d3d_device->SetFVF(VERTEX_FVF);
// create and set the world transformation matrix
// rotate object along y-axis
D3DXMatrixRotationY(&mat_world, (float) (timeGetTime() / 1000.0));
g_d3d_device->SetTransform(D3DTS_WORLD, &mat_world);
// renders a sequence of noindexed, geometric primitives of the specified type from the current set
// of data input stream.
g_d3d_device->DrawPrimitive(D3DPT_TRIANGLESTRIP, 0, 4);
// draw next four polygons, but rotate on z-axis.
D3DXMatrixRotationZ(&mat_world, -(float)(timeGetTime() / 1000.0));
g_d3d_device->SetTransform(D3DTS_WORLD, &mat_world);
g_d3d_device->DrawPrimitive(D3DPT_TRIANGLESTRIP, 6, 2);
// end the scene
g_d3d_device->EndScene();
}
// present the contents of the next buffer in the sequence of back buffers owned by the device
g_d3d_device->Present(NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
return TRUE;
}
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Main function, routine entry.
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE inst, HINSTANCE, LPSTR cmd_line, int cmd_show)
{
WNDCLASSEX win_class;
MSG msg;
g_inst = inst;
// create window class and register it
win_class.cbSize = sizeof(win_class);
win_class.style = CS_CLASSDC;
win_class.lpfnWndProc = Window_Proc;
win_class.cbClsExtra = 0;
win_class.cbWndExtra = 0;
win_class.hInstance = inst;
win_class.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
win_class.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
win_class.hbrBackground = NULL;
win_class.lpszMenuName = NULL;
win_class.lpszClassName = g_class_name;
win_class.hIconSm = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
if(! RegisterClassEx(&win_class))
return FALSE;
// create the main window
g_hwnd = CreateWindow(g_class_name, g_caption, WS_CAPTION | WS_SYSMENU, 0, 0,
WINDOW_WIDTH, WINDOW_HEIGHT, NULL, NULL, inst, NULL);
if(g_hwnd == NULL)
return FALSE;
ShowWindow(g_hwnd, SW_NORMAL);
UpdateWindow(g_hwnd);
// initialize game
if(Do_Init() == FALSE)
return FALSE;
// start message pump, waiting for signal to quit.
ZeroMemory(&msg, sizeof(MSG));
while(msg.message != WM_QUIT)
{
if(PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE))
{
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
// draw a frame
if(Do_Frame() == FALSE)
break;
}
// run shutdown function
Do_Shutdown();
UnregisterClass(g_class_name, inst);
return (int) msg.wParam;
}
PURPOSE:
ZBuffer Demo
Required libraries:
WINMM.LIB, D3D9.LIB, D3DX9.LIB.
***************************************************************************************/
#include <windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "d3d9.h"
#include "d3dx9.h"
#pragma comment(lib, "winmm.lib")
#pragma comment(lib, "d3d9.lib")
#pragma comment(lib, "d3dx9.lib")
#pragma warning(disable : 4305)
#define WINDOW_WIDTH 400
#define WINDOW_HEIGHT 400
#define Safe_Release(p) if((p)) (p)->Release();
// window handles, class and caption text.
HWND g_hwnd;
HINSTANCE g_inst;
static char g_class_name[] = "ZBufferClass";
static char g_caption[] = "ZBuffer Demo";
// the Direct3D and device object
IDirect3D9* g_d3d = NULL;
IDirect3DDevice9* g_d3d_device = NULL;
// The 3D vertex format and descriptor
typedef struct
{
float x, y, z; // 3D coordinates
D3DCOLOR color; // diffuse color
} VERTEX;
#define VERTEX_FVF (D3DFVF_XYZ | D3DFVF_DIFFUSE)
IDirect3DVertexBuffer9* g_vertex_buffer = NULL;
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Window procedure.
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
long WINAPI Window_Proc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
switch(msg)
{
case WM_DESTROY:
PostQuitMessage(0);
return 0;
}
return (long) DefWindowProc(hwnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
}
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Initialize d3d, d3d device, vertex buffer; set render state for d3d;
// set perspective matrix and view matrix.
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BOOL Do_Init()
{
D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS present_param;
D3DDISPLAYMODE display_mode;
D3DXMATRIX mat_proj, mat_view;
BYTE* vertex_ptr;
// initialize vertex data
VERTEX verts[] = {
{ -100.0f, -100.0f, 0.0f, D3DCOLOR_RGBA(255,0,0,255) },
{ -100.0f, 100.0f, 0.0f, D3DCOLOR_RGBA(255,0,0,255) },
{ 100.0f, -100.0f, 0.0f, D3DCOLOR_RGBA(255,0,0,255) },
{ 100.0f, 100.0f, 0.0f, D3DCOLOR_RGBA(255,0,0,255) },
{ -100.0f, -100.0f, 0.0f, D3DCOLOR_RGBA(255,0,0,255) },
{ -100.0f, 100.0f, 0.0f, D3DCOLOR_RGBA(255,0,0,255) },
{ -100.0f, -100.0f, 0.0f, D3DCOLOR_RGBA(0,0,255,255) },
{ -100.0f, 100.0f, 0.0f, D3DCOLOR_RGBA(0,0,255,255) },
{ 100.0f, -100.0f, 0.0f, D3DCOLOR_RGBA(0,0,255,255) },
{ 100.0f, 100.0f, 0.0f, D3DCOLOR_RGBA(0,0,255,255) },
};
// do a windowed mode initialization of Direct3D
if((g_d3d = Direct3DCreate9(D3D_SDK_VERSION)) == NULL)
return FALSE;
// retrieves the current display mode of the adapter
if(FAILED(g_d3d->GetAdapterDisplayMode(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, &display_mode)))
return FALSE;
ZeroMemory(&present_param, sizeof(present_param));
// initialize d3d presentation parameter
present_param.Windowed = TRUE;
present_param.SwapEffect = D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD;
present_param.BackBufferFormat = display_mode.Format;
present_param.EnableAutoDepthStencil = TRUE;
present_param.AutoDepthStencilFormat = D3DFMT_D16;
// creates a device to represent the display adapter
if(FAILED(g_d3d->CreateDevice(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, D3DDEVTYPE_HAL, g_hwnd,
D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING, &present_param, &g_d3d_device)))
return FALSE;
// set render state
// disable d3d lighting
g_d3d_device->SetRenderState(D3DRS_LIGHTING, FALSE);
// enable z-buffer
g_d3d_device->SetRenderState(D3DRS_ZENABLE, D3DZB_TRUE);
// create and set the projection matrix
// builds a left-handed perspective projection matrix based on a field of view
D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH(&mat_proj, D3DX_PI/4.0, 1.33333, 1.0, 1000.0);
// sets a single device transformation-related state
g_d3d_device->SetTransform(D3DTS_PROJECTION, &mat_proj);
// create and set the view matrix
D3DXMatrixLookAtLH(&mat_view,
&D3DXVECTOR3(0.0, 0.0, -500.0),
&D3DXVECTOR3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f),
&D3DXVECTOR3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
g_d3d_device->SetTransform(D3DTS_VIEW, &mat_view);
// create the vertex buffer and set data
g_d3d_device->CreateVertexBuffer(sizeof(verts), 0, VERTEX_FVF, D3DPOOL_DEFAULT, &g_vertex_buffer, NULL);
// locks a range of vertex data and obtains a pointer to the vertex buffer memory
g_vertex_buffer->Lock(0, 0, (void**)&vertex_ptr, 0);
memcpy(vertex_ptr, verts, sizeof(verts));
// unlocks vertex data
g_vertex_buffer->Unlock();
return TRUE;
}
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Release all d3d resource.
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BOOL Do_Shutdown()
{
Safe_Release(g_vertex_buffer);
Safe_Release(g_d3d_device);
Safe_Release(g_d3d);
return TRUE;
}
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Render a frame.
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BOOL Do_Frame()
{
D3DXMATRIX mat_world;
// clear device back buffer
g_d3d_device->Clear(0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_TARGET | D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER, D3DCOLOR_RGBA(0, 0, 0, 255), 1.0f, 0);
// Begin scene
if(SUCCEEDED(g_d3d_device->BeginScene()))
{
// set the vertex stream, shader.
// binds a vertex buffer to a device data stream
g_d3d_device->SetStreamSource(0, g_vertex_buffer, 0, sizeof(VERTEX));
// set the current vertex stream declation
g_d3d_device->SetFVF(VERTEX_FVF);
// create and set the world transformation matrix
// rotate object along y-axis
D3DXMatrixRotationY(&mat_world, (float) (timeGetTime() / 1000.0));
g_d3d_device->SetTransform(D3DTS_WORLD, &mat_world);
// renders a sequence of noindexed, geometric primitives of the specified type from the current set
// of data input stream.
g_d3d_device->DrawPrimitive(D3DPT_TRIANGLESTRIP, 0, 4);
// draw next four polygons, but rotate on z-axis.
D3DXMatrixRotationZ(&mat_world, -(float)(timeGetTime() / 1000.0));
g_d3d_device->SetTransform(D3DTS_WORLD, &mat_world);
g_d3d_device->DrawPrimitive(D3DPT_TRIANGLESTRIP, 6, 2);
// end the scene
g_d3d_device->EndScene();
}
// present the contents of the next buffer in the sequence of back buffers owned by the device
g_d3d_device->Present(NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
return TRUE;
}
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Main function, routine entry.
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE inst, HINSTANCE, LPSTR cmd_line, int cmd_show)
{
WNDCLASSEX win_class;
MSG msg;
g_inst = inst;
// create window class and register it
win_class.cbSize = sizeof(win_class);
win_class.style = CS_CLASSDC;
win_class.lpfnWndProc = Window_Proc;
win_class.cbClsExtra = 0;
win_class.cbWndExtra = 0;
win_class.hInstance = inst;
win_class.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
win_class.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
win_class.hbrBackground = NULL;
win_class.lpszMenuName = NULL;
win_class.lpszClassName = g_class_name;
win_class.hIconSm = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
if(! RegisterClassEx(&win_class))
return FALSE;
// create the main window
g_hwnd = CreateWindow(g_class_name, g_caption, WS_CAPTION | WS_SYSMENU, 0, 0,
WINDOW_WIDTH, WINDOW_HEIGHT, NULL, NULL, inst, NULL);
if(g_hwnd == NULL)
return FALSE;
ShowWindow(g_hwnd, SW_NORMAL);
UpdateWindow(g_hwnd);
// initialize game
if(Do_Init() == FALSE)
return FALSE;
// start message pump, waiting for signal to quit.
ZeroMemory(&msg, sizeof(MSG));
while(msg.message != WM_QUIT)
{
if(PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE))
{
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
// draw a frame
if(Do_Frame() == FALSE)
break;
}
// run shutdown function
Do_Shutdown();
UnregisterClass(g_class_name, inst);
return (int) msg.wParam;
}
效果图：
我最擅长从零开始创造世界，所以从来不怕失败，它最多也就让我一无所有。
