第五章 保存用户输入
5.1编写表单,发送POST请求
调整一下lists/templates/home.html中的模版
<html> <head> <title>To-Do lists</title> </head> <body> <h1>Your To-Do list</h1> <form method="POST"> <input name="id_new_item" id="id_new_item" placeholder="Enter a to-do item"/> </form> <table id="id_list_table"> </table> </body> </html>
此时运行,在Django的调试页面,会显示有CSRF错误,所以,使用‘模版标签’’,添加CSRF令牌
<html> <head> <title>To-Do lists</title> </head> <body> <h1>Your To-Do list</h1> <form method="POST"> <input name="id_new_item" id="id_new_item" placeholder="Enter a to-do item"/> {% csrf_token %} </form> <table id="id_list_table"> </table> </body> </html>
运行功能测试,出现预期的失败
5.2在服务器中处理POST请求
修改视图函数,让它能够处理POST请求
#tests.py # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- from django.test import TestCase from django.http import HttpRequest from django.core.urlresolvers import resolve from lists.views import home_page from django.template.loader import render_to_string class HomePageTest(TestCase): def test_root_url_resolves_to_home_page_view(self): found = resolve('/') self.assertEqual(found.func,home_page) def test_home_page_return_correct_html(self): request = HttpRequest() response = home_page(request) except_html = render_to_string('home_html') self.assertEqual(response.content.decode(),except_html) # .deocde()把字节转换为unicode字符串 def test_home_page_can_return_a_POST_request(self): request = HttpRequest() request.method = 'POST' request.POST['item_text'] = 'A new list item' response = home_page(request) self.assertIn('A new list item',response.content.decode())
python3 manage.py test 出现预期失败
为了让测试通过,添加一个if语句,为POST请求提供不同的代码执行路径
#views from django.shortcuts import render,redirect from django.http import HttpResponse def home_page(request): if request.method == 'POST': return HttpResponse(request.POST['item_text']) return render(request,'home.html')
接下来,把POST请求的数据添加到首页模版的表格里
5.3Python变量传入模版渲染
在模版中引入python对象,使用{{}}
<html> <head> <title>To-Do lists</title> </head> <body> <h1>Your To-Do list</h1> <form method="POST"> <input name="id_new_item" id="id_new_item" placeholder="Enter a to-do item"/> {% csrf_token %} </form> <table id="id_list_table"> <tr><td>{{ new_item_text }}</td></tr> </table> </body> </html>
测试new_item_text的值是否正确,在tests.py添加
self.assertIn('A new list item',response.content.decode()) expect_html = render_to_string('home.html',{'new_item_text':'A new list item'}) self.assertEqual(response.content.decode(),expect_html)
重写视图函数,把POST请求中的参数传入模版
#views from django.shortcuts import render,redirect from django.http import HttpResponse def home_page(request): return render(request,'home.html',{'new_item_text':request.POST.get('item_text',''),})
修改functioncal.py中的any用法,如果把1:去掉的话,测试应该能通过
#self.assertTrue(any(row.text == '1: Buy peacock feathers' for row in rows)) #替代为 self.assertIn('1: Buy peacock feathers',[row.text for row in rows])
接下来,扩充功能测试,在functioncal.py中检查表格中添加的第二个待办事项。
事不过三,三则重构,只有test_开头的方法才会作为测试运行,我们添加辅助函数的方法,置于tearDown 和第一个测试之间,用于添加待办事项
# functional_tests.py # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- from selenium import webdriver from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys import unittest class NewVisitorTest(unittest.TestCase): #setup 和tearDowm是特殊的方法,分别在测试的前后运行,这两个方法与try/except相似 def setUp(self): self.browser = webdriver.Chrome() self.browser.implicitly_wait(3) #隐式等待 3秒 def tearDown(self): self.browser.quit() def check_for_row_in_item(self,row_text): table = self.browser.find_element_by_id('id_list_table') rows = table.find_elements_by_tag_name('tr') self.assertIn(row_text,[row.text for row in rows]) def test_can_start_a_list_and_retrieve_it_later(self): #名字以test开头的函数都是测试方法 self.browser.get('http://localhost:8000') #网页头部和标题是否含有To-Do这个词 self.assertIn('To-Do',self.browser.title) header_text = self.browser.find_element_by_id('id_new_item').text #self.assertIn('To-Do', header_text) #不知道为什么,错误 #待办事项 inputbox = self.browser.find_element_by_id('id_new_item') self.assertEqual(inputbox.get_attribute('placeholder'),'Enter a to-do item') #获取属性placeholder的值 #发送第一个 inputbox.send_keys('Buy peacock feathers') inputbox.send_keys(Keys.ENTER) self.check_for_row_in_item('1: Buy peacock feathers') #第二个 inputbox = self.browser.find_element_by_id('id_new_item') inputbox.send_keys('Use peacock feathers to make a fly') inputbox.send_keys(Keys.ENTER) self.check_for_row_in_item('1: Buy peacock feathers') self.check_for_row_in_item('2: Use peacock feathers to make a fly') self.fail('Finish the test!') if __name__ == '__main__': unittest.main(warnings='ignore') #warnings='ignore'为禁止抛出resourceWarning异常
5.3Django ORM和第一个模型
“对象关系映射器”(ORM) 是一个数据抽象层,描述储存在数据库中的表,列,行。接下来在单元测试按照指定的方式中使用ORM
在tests.py中新建一个类
from lists.models import Item class HomePageTest(TestCase):。。。 class ItemModelTest(TestCase): def test_saving_and_retrieving_items(self): first_item = Item() first_item.text = 'The first list item' first_item.save() second_item = Item() second_item.text = 'The second list item' second_item.save() saved_items = Item.objects.all() self.assertEqual(saved_items.count(),2) first_save_item = saved_items[0] second_save_item = saved_items[1] self.assertEqual(first_save_item.text,'The first list item') self.assertEqual(second_save_item.text, 'The second list item')
在models.py中写入一些代码,添加Item 这个类
#models.py from django.db import models class Item(models.Model): text = models.TextField(default='') #设置字段类型,并为字段设置默认值,不然会失败
此时运行,会看到一个数据库错误。于是要进行数据库迁徙
python3 manage.py makemigrations 进行数据库迁徙,因为有2个新字段,要迁徙2,
python3 manage.py makemigrations
python3 manage.py test lists运行测试,成功
5.4把POST请求中的数据存入数据库
希望视图把待办事项存入数据库,而不是直接传给响应,于是在测试方法中的test_home_page_can_return_a_POST_request中,添加新代码
def test_home_page_can_return_a_POST_request(self): request = HttpRequest() request.method = 'POST' request.POST['item_text'] = 'A new list item' response = home_page(request) self.assertEqual(Item.count(),1) new_item = Item.objects.first() self.assertEqual(new_item.text,'A new list item') self.assertIn('A new list item',response.content.decode()) expect_html = render_to_string('home.html',{'new_item_text':'A new list item'}) self.assertEqual(response.content.decode(),expect_html)
运行报错,0!= 1,
修改一下视图
#views from django.shortcuts import render,redirect from django.http import HttpResponse from lists.models import Item def home_page(request): item = Item() item.text = request.POST.get('item_text','') item.save() return render(request,'home.html',item.text})
运行通过
然后,在定义一个新测试方法
class HomePageTest(TestCase): 。。。 def test_home_page_only_save_items_when_necessary(self): request = HttpRequest() home_page(request) self.assertEqual(Item.objects.count(),0)
再更改视图文件
#views from django.shortcuts import render,redirect from django.http import HttpResponse from lists.models import Item def home_page(request): if request.method == 'POST': new_item_text = request.POST['item_text'] Item.objects.create(text=new_item_text) #使用.obejcts.create是创建新Item对象的简化方式,无需再用.save()方法 else: new_item_text = '' return render(request,'home.html',{'new_item_text':new_item_text})
运行。通过
5.5处理完POST请求后重定向到首页
修改views.py
#views from django.shortcuts import render,redirect from django.http import HttpResponse from lists.models import Item def home_page(request): if request.method == 'POST': Item.objects.creat(text=request.POST['item_text']) redirect('/') return render(request,'home.html')
5.6在模版中渲染待办事项
编写一个单元测试,检测模版是否显示多个待办事项
#test.py class HomePageTest(TestCase): 。。。 def test_home_page_displays_all_list_items(self): Item.objects.create(text='itemy 1') Item.objects.create(text='itemy 2') request = HttpRequest() response = home_page(request) self.assertIn('itemy 1', response.content.decode()) self.assertIn('itemy 2', response.content.decode())
运行。失败
在home.html中编写遍历标签
<table id="id_list_table"> {% for item in items %} <tr><td>{{ forloop.counter }}: {{ item.text }}</td></tr> {% endfor %} </table>
同时,把视图待办事项传入模版
#views from django.shortcuts import render,redirect from django.http import HttpResponse from lists.models import Item def home_page(request): if request.method == 'POST': Item.objects.create(text=request.POST['item_text']) #print(redirect('/')) return redirect('/') items = Item.objects.all() return render(request,'home.html',{'items':items})
运行,出现'no such table lists_item'错误
5.7使用迁徙创建生产数据库
pyhon3 manage.py migrate创建数据库
同时使用forloop.counter解决序号问题
{% for item in items %} <tr><td>{{ forloop.counter }}: {{ item.text }}</td></tr> {% endfor %}
运行。成功。。。