Flask拾遗总汇1
目录
flask依赖wsgi,实现wsgi的模块:wsgiref,werkzeug,uwsgi
1.flask的路由分发方式
路由分发的本质:将url和视图函数封装成一个Rule对象,添加到Flask的url_map字段中
方式一:
@app.route('/xxxx') # @decorator
def index():
return "Index"
方式二:
def index():
return "Index"
app.add_url_rule('/xxx', "n1", index) #n1是别名
2.请求响应相关
- request
- request.form #POST请求
- request.args #GET请求 字典形式的
- request.querystring #GET请求,bytes形式的
- response
- return render_tempalte()
- return redirect()
- return ""
v = make_response(返回值) #吧返回的值包在了这个函数里面
- session
- 存在浏览器上,并且是加密的
- 依赖于:secret_key
3.flask配置文件拾遗(config)
方式一:
app.config['DEBUG'] = True
PS: 由于Config对象本质上是字典,所以还可以使用app.config.update(...)
方式二:
app.config.from_pyfile("python文件名称")
如:
settings.py
DEBUG = True
app.config.from_pyfile("settings.py")方式三:
import os os.environ['FLAKS-SETTINGS'] = 'settings.py' app.config.from_envvar('FLAKS-SETTINGS') 方法四: 见下方from_object用法
app.config.from_envvar("环境变量名称")
#环境变量的值为python文件名称名称,内部调用from_pyfile方法
app.config.from_json("json文件名称")
#JSON文件名称,必须是json格式,因为内部会执行json.loads
app.config.from_mapping({'DEBUG':True})
#字典格式
from_object用法:
app.config.from_object("python类或类的路径")
app.config.from_object('pro_flask.settings.TestingConfig')
settings.py
class Config(object):
DEBUG = False
TESTING = False
DATABASE_URI = 'sqlite://:memory:'
class ProductionConfig(Config):
DATABASE_URI = 'mysql://user@localhost/foo'
class DevelopmentConfig(Config):
DEBUG = True
class TestingConfig(Config):
TESTING = True
PS: 从sys.path中已经存在路径开始写
PS: settings.py文件默认路径要放在程序root_path目录,如果instance_relative_config为True,则就是instance_path目录
current_app用法:
要想在视图函数中获取配置文件的值,都是通过app.config来拿。但是如果视图函数和Flask创建的对象app不在一个模块。就得
导入来拿。可以不用导入。直接导入一个current_app,这个就是当前的app对象,用current_app.config就能查看到了当前app的所有的配置文件
from flask import Flask,current_app
@app.route('/index',methods=["GET","POST"])
def index():
print(current_app.config) #当前的app的所有配置
session["xx"] = "fdvbn"
return "index"
4.路由系统参数配置
4.1 可传入参数:
@app.route('/user/<username>') #常用的 不加参数的时候默认是字符串形式的
@app.route('/post/<int:post_id>') #常用的 #指定int,说明是整型的
@app.route('/post/<float:post_id>')
@app.route('/post/<path:path>')
@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
4.2 常用路由系统有以上五
所有的路由系统都是基于一下对应关系来处理:
DEFAULT_CONVERTERS = {
'default': UnicodeConverter,
'string': UnicodeConverter,
'any': AnyConverter,
'path': PathConverter,
'int': IntegerConverter,
'float': FloatConverter,
'uuid': UUIDConverter,
}
5.反向生成URL: url_for
endpoint("name") #别名,相当于django中的name
反向解析需要导入:
from flask import Flask, url_for
@app.route('/index',endpoint="xxx") #endpoint是别名
def index():
v = url_for("xxx")
print(v)
return "index"
@app.route('/zzz/<int:nid>',endpoint="aaa") #endpoint是别名
def zzz(nid):
v = url_for("aaa",nid=nid)
print(v)
return "index2"
@app.route和app.add_url_rule参数:
# @app.route和app.add_url_rule参数:
rule, # URL规则
view_func, # 视图函数名称
defaults=None, # 默认值,当URL中无参数,函数需要参数时,使用defaults={'k':'v'}为函数提供参数
endpoint=None, # 名称,用于反向生成URL,即: url_for('名称')
methods=None, # 允许的请求方式,如:["GET","POST"]
strict_slashes=None, # 对URL最后的 / 符号是否严格要求,
# 如:
# @app.route('/index',strict_slashes=False),
# 访问 http://www.xx.com/index/ 或 http://www.xx.com/index均可
# @app.route('/index',strict_slashes=True)
# 仅访问 http://www.xx.com/index
redirect_to=None, # 重定向到指定地址
# 如:
# @app.route('/index/<int:nid>', redirect_to='/home/<nid>')
# 或
# def func(adapter, nid):
# return "/home/888"
# @app.route('/index/<int:nid>', redirect_to=func)
subdomain=None, # 子域名访问
from flask import Flask, views, url_for
app = Flask(import_name=__name__)
app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'wxs.com:5000'
@app.route("/", subdomain="admin")
def static_index():
"""Flask supports static subdomains
This is available at static.your-domain.tld"""
return "admin.xxx.com"
#动态生成
@app.route("/dynamic", subdomain="<username>")
def username_index(username):
"""Dynamic subdomains are also supported
Try going to user1.your-domain.tld/dynamic"""
return username + ".your-domain.tld"
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
# 所有的域名都得与IP做一个域名解析:
# 如果你想通过域名去访问,有两种解决方式:
# 方式一:
# 1、租一个域名 wxs.lalala
# 2、租一个公网IP 49.8.5.62
# 3、域名解析:
# wxs.com 49.8.5.62
# 4、吧代码放在49.8.5.62这个服务器上,程序运行起来
# 用户可以通过IP进行访问
# 方式二:如果是自己测试用的就可以用这种方式。先在自己本地的文件中找
# C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc 找到HOST,修改配置
# 然后吧域名修改成自己的本地服务器127.0.0.1
# 加上配置:app.config["SERVER_NAME"] = "wxs.com:5000"
域名(subdomain)访问实例:
# =============== 子域名访问============
@app.route("/static_index", subdomain="admin")
def static_index():
return "admin.bjg.com"
# ===========动态生成子域名===========
@app.route("/index",subdomain='<xxxxx>')
def index(xxxxx):
return "%s.bjg.com" %(xxxxx,)
6.flask路由系统的正则匹配配置
扩展Flask的路由系统,让他支持正则,这个类必须这样写,必须去继承BaseConverter
from flask import Flask,url_for
app = Flask(__name__)
# 定义转换的类
from werkzeug.routing import BaseConverter
class RegexConverter(BaseConverter):
"""
自定义URL匹配正则表达式
"""
def __init__(self, map, regex):
super(RegexConverter, self).__init__(map)
self.regex = regex
def to_python(self, value):
"""
路由匹配时,匹配成功后传递给视图函数中参数的值
:param value:
:return:
"""
return int(value)
def to_url(self, value):
"""
使用url_for反向生成URL时,传递的参数经过该方法处理,返回的值用于生成URL中的参数
:param value:
:return:
"""
val = super(RegexConverter, self).to_url(value)
return val
# 添加到converts中
app.url_map.converters['regex'] = RegexConverter
# 进行使用
@app.route('/index/<regex("\d+"):nid>',endpoint='xx')
def index(nid):
url_for('xx',nid=123) #反向生成,就会去执行to_url方法
return "Index"
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
7.Flask中的CBV模式
def auth(func):
def inner(*args, **kwargs):
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
return result
return inner
class IndexView(views.MethodView):
# methods = ['POST'] #只允许POST请求访问
decorators = [auth,] #如果想给所有的get,post请求加装饰器,就可以这样来写,也可以单个指定
def get(self): #如果是get请求需要执行的代码
v = url_for('index')
print(v)
return "GET"
def post(self): #如果是post请求执行的代码
return "POST"
app.add_url_rule('/index', view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='index')) #name指定的是别名,会当做endpoint使用
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
8.Flask中的FBV模式
方式一:
@app.route('/index',endpoint='xx')
def index(nid):
url_for('xx',nid=123)
return "Index"
方式二:
def index(nid):
url_for('xx',nid=123)
return "Index"
app.add_url_rule('/index',index)
9.Flask中的请求与相应
1 from flask import Flask
2 from flask import request
3 from flask import render_template
4 from flask import redirect
5 from flask import make_response
6
7 app = Flask(__name__)
8
9
10 @app.route('/login.html', methods=['GET', "POST"])
11 def login():
12
13 # 请求相关信息
14 # request.method
15 # request.args
16 # request.form
17 # request.values
18 # request.cookies
19 # request.headers
20 # request.path
21 # request.full_path
22 # request.script_root
23 # request.url
24 # request.base_url
25 # request.url_root
26 # request.host_url
27 # request.host
28 # request.files
29 # obj = request.files['the_file_name']
30 # obj.save('/var/www/uploads/' + secure_filename(f.filename))
31
32 # 响应相关信息
33 # return "字符串"
34 # return render_template('html模板路径',**{})
35 # return redirect('/index.html')
36
37 # response = make_response(render_template('index.html'))
38 # response是flask.wrappers.Response类型
39 # response.delete_cookie('key')
40 # response.set_cookie('key', 'value')
41 # response.headers['X-Something'] = 'A value'
42 # return response
43
44
45 return "内容"
46
47 if __name__ == '__main__':
48 app.run()
请求与相应详解
from flask import Flask,url_for,request,redirect,render_template,jsonify,make_response
from urllib.parse import urlencode,quote,unquote
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/index',endpoint='xx')
def index():
from werkzeug.datastructures import ImmutableMultiDict
=================
# get_data = request.args
# get_dict = get_data.to_dict()
# get_dict['xx'] = '18'
# url = urlencode(get_dict)
# print(url)
====================
# print(request.query_string)
# print(request.args)
==========================
# val = "%E6%8A%8A%E5%87%A0%E4%B8%AA"
# print(unquote(val)) #吧上面这样的数据转换成中文
#
# return "Index"
# return "Index"
# return redirect()
# return render_template()
# return jsonify(name='alex',age='18') #相当于JsonResponse
=======================
response = make_response('xxxxx') #如果是返回更多的值,cookie,headers,或者其他的就可用它
response.headers['xxx'] = '123123'
return response
if __name__ == '__main__':
# app.__call__
app.run()
10.Flask模板语法(jinja2)
template_global和template_filter用法:
调用方式:{{sb(1,2)}} {{ 1|db(2,3)}}
@app.template_global()
def sb(a1, a2):
return a1 + a2
@app.template_filter()
def db(a1, a2, a3):
return a1 + a2 + a3
11.session
除请求对象之外,还有一个 session 对象。它允许你在不同请求间存储特定用户的信息。它是在 Cookies 的基础上实现的,并且对 Cookies 进行密钥签名要使用会话,你需要设置一个密钥。
- 设置:session['username'] = 'xxx'
- 删除:session.pop('username', None)
from flask import Flask,url_for,session
app = Flask(__name__)
app.secret_key = "sdsfdgdgdgd"
app.config['SESSION_COOKIE_NAME'] = 'session_lvning' #设置session的名字
@app.route('/index/')
def index(nid):
#session本质上操作的是字典, session是否还有其他方法?与字典方法相同
#session的原理:如果下一次访问的时候带着随机字符串,会把session里面对应的
# 值拿到内存,假设session保存在数据库,每执行一次链接一次数据库,每次都要时时更新的话
# 会非常损耗内存
session["xxx"] = 123
session["xxx2"] = 123
session["xxx3"] = 123
session["xxx4"] = 123
del session["xxx2"] #在这删除了,真正存储的时候是没有xxx2的
return "ddsf"
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
关于session的配置
app.config['SESSION_COOKIE_NAME'] = 'session_lvning'
- session超时时间如何设置? 'PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME': timedelta(days=31)
以下是跟session相关的配置文件
"""
'SESSION_COOKIE_NAME': 'session',
'SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN': None,
'SESSION_COOKIE_PATH': None,
'SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY': True,
'SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE': False,
'SESSION_REFRESH_EACH_REQUEST': True, #是否每次都跟新
'PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME': timedelta(days=31)
1 from flask import Flask, session, redirect, url_for, escape, request
2
3 app = Flask(__name__)
4
5 @app.route('/')
6 def index():
7 if 'username' in session:
8 return 'Logged in as %s' % escape(session['username'])
9 return 'You are not logged in'
10
11 @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
12 def login():
13 if request.method == 'POST':
14 session['username'] = request.form['username']
15 return redirect(url_for('index'))
16 return '''
17 <form action="" method="post">
18 <p><input type=text name=username>
19 <p><input type=submit value=Login>
20 </form>
21 '''
22
23 @app.route('/logout')
24 def logout():
25 # remove the username from the session if it's there
26 session.pop('username', None)
27 return redirect(url_for('index'))
28
29 # set the secret key. keep this really secret:
30 app.secret_key = 'A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT'
自定义session:
1 pip3 install Flask-Session
2
3 run.py
4 from flask import Flask
5 from flask import session
6 from pro_flask.utils.session import MySessionInterface
7 app = Flask(__name__)
8
9 app.secret_key = 'A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT'
10 app.session_interface = MySessionInterface()
11
12 @app.route('/login.html', methods=['GET', "POST"])
13 def login():
14 print(session)
15 session['user1'] = 'alex'
16 session['user2'] = 'alex'
17 del session['user2']
18
19 return "内容"
20
21 if __name__ == '__main__':
22 app.run()
23
24 session.py
25 #!/usr/bin/env python
26 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
27 import uuid
28 import json
29 from flask.sessions import SessionInterface
30 from flask.sessions import SessionMixin
31 from itsdangerous import Signer, BadSignature, want_bytes
32
33
34 class MySession(dict, SessionMixin):
35 def __init__(self, initial=None, sid=None):
36 self.sid = sid
37 self.initial = initial
38 super(MySession, self).__init__(initial or ())
39
40
41 def __setitem__(self, key, value):
42 super(MySession, self).__setitem__(key, value)
43
44 def __getitem__(self, item):
45 return super(MySession, self).__getitem__(item)
46
47 def __delitem__(self, key):
48 super(MySession, self).__delitem__(key)
49
50
51
52 class MySessionInterface(SessionInterface):
53 session_class = MySession
54 container = {}
55
56 def __init__(self):
57 import redis
58 self.redis = redis.Redis()
59
60 def _generate_sid(self):
61 return str(uuid.uuid4())
62
63 def _get_signer(self, app):
64 if not app.secret_key:
65 return None
66 return Signer(app.secret_key, salt='flask-session',
67 key_derivation='hmac')
68
69 def open_session(self, app, request):
70 """
71 程序刚启动时执行,需要返回一个session对象
72 """
73 sid = request.cookies.get(app.session_cookie_name)
74 if not sid:
75 sid = self._generate_sid()
76 return self.session_class(sid=sid)
77
78 signer = self._get_signer(app)
79 try:
80 sid_as_bytes = signer.unsign(sid)
81 sid = sid_as_bytes.decode()
82 except BadSignature:
83 sid = self._generate_sid()
84 return self.session_class(sid=sid)
85
86 # session保存在redis中
87 # val = self.redis.get(sid)
88 # session保存在内存中
89 val = self.container.get(sid)
90
91 if val is not None:
92 try:
93 data = json.loads(val)
94 return self.session_class(data, sid=sid)
95 except:
96 return self.session_class(sid=sid)
97 return self.session_class(sid=sid)
98
99 def save_session(self, app, session, response):
100 """
101 程序结束前执行,可以保存session中所有的值
102 如:
103 保存到resit
104 写入到用户cookie
105 """
106 domain = self.get_cookie_domain(app)
107 path = self.get_cookie_path(app)
108 httponly = self.get_cookie_httponly(app)
109 secure = self.get_cookie_secure(app)
110 expires = self.get_expiration_time(app, session)
111
112 val = json.dumps(dict(session))
113
114 # session保存在redis中
115 # self.redis.setex(name=session.sid, value=val, time=app.permanent_session_lifetime)
116 # session保存在内存中
117 self.container.setdefault(session.sid, val)
118
119 session_id = self._get_signer(app).sign(want_bytes(session.sid))
120
121 response.set_cookie(app.session_cookie_name, session_id,
122 expires=expires, httponly=httponly,
123 domain=domain, path=path, secure=secure)
第三方flask-session应用:
session存在在服务端的一个字典里面,session保存起来,取一次里面还是有的,直到你删除之后才没有了
from flask import Flask, session, render_template, request, views
from flask_session import Session
from redis import Redis
app = Flask(__name__)
app.default_config()
app.config["SESSION_TYPE"] = "redis"
app.config["SESSION_REDIS"] = Redis(host="127.0.0.1", port=6379, db=0)
app.templates_auto_reload = True
# 使用第三方flask-session,封装app这个实例化对象
Session(app)
userinfo = {"user": "alex", "pwd": "123"}
class Login(views.MethodView):
methods = ["POST", "GET"]
def get(self):
return render_template("login.html")
def post(self):
user = request.form.get("username")
pwd = request.form.get("pwd")
if user == userinfo["user"] and pwd == userinfo["pwd"]:
# 创建session
session["user"] = user
return "登录成功!"
else:
return "登录失败!"
app.add_url_rule("/login", endpoint=None, view_func=Login.as_view(name="login"))
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
12.闪现 : flash
本质:flash是基于session创建的,flash支持往里边放值,只要你取一下就没有了,相当于pop了一下。不仅把值取走,而且把session里的东西去掉
from flask import Flask,session,Session,flash,get_flashed_messages,redirect,render_template,request
app = Flask(__name__)
app.secret_key ='sdfsdfsdf'
@app.route('/users')
def users():
# 方式一
# msg = request.args.get('msg','')
# 方式二
# msg = session.get('msg')
# if msg:
# del session['msg']
# 方式三
v = get_flashed_messages()
print(v)
msg = ''
return render_template('users.html',msg=msg)
@app.route('/useradd')
def user_add():
# 在数据库中添加一条数据
# 假设添加成功,在跳转到列表页面时,显示添加成功
# 方式一
# return redirect('/users?msg=添加成功')
# 方式二
# session['msg'] = '添加成功'
# 方式三
flash('添加成功')
return redirect('/users')
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(debug=True)