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Python基础之C语言源码分析垃圾回收机制

两个重要的结构体

#define PyObject_HEAD       PyObject ob_base;
#define PyObject_VAR_HEAD      PyVarObject ob_base;
// 宏定义,包含 上一个、下一个,用于构造双向链表用。(放到refchain链表中时,要用到)
#define _PyObject_HEAD_EXTRA            \
    struct _object *_ob_next;           \
    struct _object *_ob_prev;
typedef struct _object {
    _PyObject_HEAD_EXTRA // 用于构造双向链表
    Py_ssize_t ob_refcnt;  // 引用计数器
    struct _typeobject *ob_type;    // 数据类型
} PyObject;
typedef struct {
    PyObject ob_base;   // PyObject对象
    Py_ssize_t ob_size; /* Number of items in variable part,即:元素个数 */
} PyVarObject;

这两个结构体PyObjectPyVarObject是基石,他们保存这其他数据类型公共部分,例如:每个类型的对象在创建时都有PyObject中的那4部分数据;list/set/tuple等由多个元素组成对象创建时都有PyVarObject中的那5部分数据。

 

常见类型结构体

平时我们在创建一个对象时,本质上就是实例化一个相关类型的结构体,在内部保存值和引用计数器等。

  • float类型
 typedef struct {
      PyObject_HEAD
      double ob_fval;
  } PyFloatObject;
  • int类型
struct _longobject {
      PyObject_VAR_HEAD
      digit ob_digit[1];
  };
  /* Long (arbitrary precision) integer object interface */
  typedef struct _longobject PyLongObject; /* Revealed in longintrepr.h */
  • str类型
typedef struct {
      PyObject_HEAD
      Py_ssize_t length;          /* Number of code points in the string */
      Py_hash_t hash;             /* Hash value; -1 if not set */
      struct {
          unsigned int interned:2;
          /* Character size:
         - PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND (0):
           * character type = wchar_t (16 or 32 bits, depending on the
             platform)
         - PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND (1):
           * character type = Py_UCS1 (8 bits, unsigned)
           * all characters are in the range U+0000-U+00FF (latin1)
           * if ascii is set, all characters are in the range U+0000-U+007F
             (ASCII), otherwise at least one character is in the range
             U+0080-U+00FF
         - PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND (2):
           * character type = Py_UCS2 (16 bits, unsigned)
           * all characters are in the range U+0000-U+FFFF (BMP)
           * at least one character is in the range U+0100-U+FFFF
         - PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND (4):
           * character type = Py_UCS4 (32 bits, unsigned)
           * all characters are in the range U+0000-U+10FFFF
           * at least one character is in the range U+10000-U+10FFFF
         */
          unsigned int kind:3;
          unsigned int compact:1;
          unsigned int ascii:1;
          unsigned int ready:1;
          unsigned int :24;
      } state;
      wchar_t *wstr;              /* wchar_t representation (null-terminated) */
  } PyASCIIObject;
  typedef struct {
      PyASCIIObject _base;
      Py_ssize_t utf8_length;     /* Number of bytes in utf8, excluding the
                                   * terminating \0. */
      char *utf8;                 /* UTF-8 representation (null-terminated) */
      Py_ssize_t wstr_length;     /* Number of code points in wstr, possible
                                   * surrogates count as two code points. */
  } PyCompactUnicodeObject;
  typedef struct {
      PyCompactUnicodeObject _base;
      union {
          void *any;
          Py_UCS1 *latin1;
          Py_UCS2 *ucs2;
          Py_UCS4 *ucs4;
      } data;                     /* Canonical, smallest-form Unicode buffer */
  } PyUnicodeObject;
  • list类型
 typedef struct {
      PyObject_VAR_HEAD
      PyObject **ob_item;
      Py_ssize_t allocated;
  } PyListObject;
  • tuple类型  
typedef struct {
      PyObject_VAR_HEAD
      PyObject *ob_item[1];
  } PyTupleObject;
  • dict类型
typedef struct {
      PyObject_HEAD
      Py_ssize_t ma_used;
      PyDictKeysObject *ma_keys;
      PyObject **ma_values;
  } PyDictObject;

通过常见结构体可以基本了解到本质上每个对象内部会存储的数据。

扩展:在结构体部分你应该发现了str类型比较繁琐,那是因为python字符串在处理时需要考虑到编码的问题,在内部规定(见源码结构体):

  • 字符串只包含ascii,则每个字符用1个字节表示,即:latin1

  • 字符串包含中文等,则每个字符用2个字节表示,即:ucs2

  • 字符串包含emoji等,则每个字符用4个字节表示,即:ucs4

 

Float类型

创建

val = 3.14

类似于这样创建一个float对象时,会执行C源码中的如下代码:

// Objects/floatobject.c
// 用于缓存float对象的链表
static PyFloatObject *free_list = NULL;
static int numfree = 0;
PyObject *
PyFloat_FromDouble(double fval)
{
    // 如果free_list中有可用对象,则从free_list链表拿出来一个;否则为对象重新开辟内存。
    PyFloatObject *op = free_list;
    if (op != NULL) {
        free_list = (PyFloatObject *) Py_TYPE(op);
        numfree--;
    } else {
        // 根据float类型的大小,为float对象新开辟内存。
        op = (PyFloatObject*) PyObject_MALLOC(sizeof(PyFloatObject));
        if (!op)
            return PyErr_NoMemory();
    }
    // 对float对象进行初始化,例如:引用计数器初始化为1、添加到refchain链表等。
    /* Inline PyObject_New */
    (void)PyObject_INIT(op, &PyFloat_Type);
    // 对float对象赋值。即:op->ob_fval = 3.14
    op->ob_fval = fval;
    return (PyObject *) op;
}
// Include/objimpl.h
#define PyObject_INIT(op, typeobj) \
    ( Py_TYPE(op) = (typeobj), _Py_NewReference((PyObject *)(op)), (op) )
// Objects/object.c
// 维护了所有对象的一个环状双向链表
static PyObject refchain = {&refchain, &refchain};
void
_Py_AddToAllObjects(PyObject *op, int force)
{
    if (force || op->_ob_prev == NULL) {
        op->_ob_next = refchain._ob_next;
        op->_ob_prev = &refchain;
        refchain._ob_next->_ob_prev = op;
        refchain._ob_next = op;
    }
}
void
_Py_NewReference(PyObject *op)
{
    _Py_INC_REFTOTAL;
    // 引用计数器初始化为1。
    op->ob_refcnt = 1;
    // 对象添加到双向链表refchain中。
    _Py_AddToAllObjects(op, 1);
    _Py_INC_TPALLOCS(op);
}

引用

val = 3.14
data = val

在项目中如果出现这种引用关系时,会将原对象的引用计数器+1。
C源码执行流程如下:

// Include/object.h
static inline void _Py_INCREF(PyObject *op)
{
    _Py_INC_REFTOTAL;
    // 对象的引用计数器 + 1
    op->ob_refcnt++;
}
#define Py_INCREF(op) _Py_INCREF(_PyObject_CAST(op))

销毁

val = 3.14
del val

在项目中如果出现这种删除的语句,则内部会将引用计数器-1,如果引用计数器减为0,则进行缓存或垃圾回收。
C源码执行流程如下:

// Include/object.h
static inline void _Py_DECREF(const char *filename, int lineno,
                              PyObject *op)
{
    (void)filename; /* may be unused, shut up -Wunused-parameter */
    (void)lineno; /* may be unused, shut up -Wunused-parameter */
    _Py_DEC_REFTOTAL;
    // 引用计数器-1,如果引用计数器为0,则执行 _Py_Dealloc去缓存或垃圾回收。
    if (--op->ob_refcnt != 0) {
#ifdef Py_REF_DEBUG
        if (op->ob_refcnt < 0) {
            _Py_NegativeRefcount(filename, lineno, op);
        }
#endif
    }
    else {
        _Py_Dealloc(op);
    }
}
#define Py_DECREF(op) _Py_DECREF(__FILE__, __LINE__, _PyObject_CAST(op))
// Objects/object.c
void
_Py_Dealloc(PyObject *op)
{
    // 找到float类型的 tp_dealloc 函数
    destructor dealloc = Py_TYPE(op)->tp_dealloc;
    // 在refchain双向链表中摘除此对象。
    _Py_ForgetReference(op);
    // 执行float类型的 tp_dealloc 函数,去进行缓存或垃圾回收。
    (*dealloc)(op);
}
void
_Py_ForgetReference(PyObject *op)
{
    ...
    // 在refchain链表中移除此对象
    op->_ob_next->_ob_prev = op->_ob_prev;
    op->_ob_prev->_ob_next = op->_ob_next;
    op->_ob_next = op->_ob_prev = NULL;
    _Py_INC_TPFREES(op);
}
// Objects/floatobject.c
#define PyFloat_MAXFREELIST    100
static int numfree = 0;
static PyFloatObject *free_list = NULL;
// float类型中函数的对应关系
PyTypeObject PyFloat_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
    "float",
    sizeof(PyFloatObject),
    0,
    // tp_dealloc表示执行float_dealloc方法
    (destructor)float_dealloc,                  /* tp_dealloc */
    0,                                          /* tp_print */
    ...
};
static void
float_dealloc(PyFloatObject *op)
{
    // 检测是否是float类型
    if (PyFloat_CheckExact(op)) {
        // 检测free_list中缓存的个数是否已满,如果已满,则直接将对象销毁。
        if (numfree >= PyFloat_MAXFREELIST)  {
            // 销毁
            PyObject_FREE(op);
            return;
        }
        // 将对象加入到free_list链表中
        numfree++;
        Py_TYPE(op) = (struct _typeobject *)free_list;
        free_list = op;
    }
    else
        Py_TYPE(op)->tp_free((PyObject *)op);
}

 

Int类型

创建

age = 19

当在python中创建一个整型数据时,底层会触发他的如下源码:

PyObject *
PyLong_FromLong(long ival)
{
    PyLongObject *v;
    ...
    // 优先去小数据池中检查,如果在范围内则直接获取不再重新开辟内存。( -5 <= value < 257)
    CHECK_SMALL_INT(ival);
    ...
    // 非小数字池中的值,重新开辟内存并初始化
    v = _PyLong_New(ndigits);
    if (v != NULL) {
        digit *p = v->ob_digit;
        Py_SIZE(v) = ndigits*sign;
        t = abs_ival;
        ...
    }
    return (PyObject *)v;
}
#define NSMALLNEGINTS           5
#define NSMALLPOSINTS           257
#define CHECK_SMALL_INT(ival) \
    do if (-NSMALLNEGINTS <= ival && ival < NSMALLPOSINTS) { \
        return get_small_int((sdigit)ival); \
    } while(0)
static PyObject *
get_small_int(sdigit ival)
{
    PyObject *v;
    v = (PyObject *)&small_ints[ival + NSMALLNEGINTS];
    // 引用计数器 + 1
    Py_INCREF(v);
    ...
    return v;
}
PyLongObject *
_PyLong_New(Py_ssize_t size)
{
    // 创建PyLongObject的指针变量
    PyLongObject *result;
    ...
    // 根据长度进行开辟内存
    result = PyObject_MALLOC(offsetof(PyLongObject, ob_digit) +
                             size*sizeof(digit));
    ...
    // 对内存中的数据进行初始化并添加到refchain链表中。
    return (PyLongObject*)PyObject_INIT_VAR(result, &PyLong_Type, size);
}
// Include/objimpl.h
#define PyObject_NewVar(type, typeobj, n) \
                ( (type *) _PyObject_NewVar((typeobj), (n)) )
static inline PyVarObject*
_PyObject_INIT_VAR(PyVarObject *op, PyTypeObject *typeobj, Py_ssize_t size)
{
    assert(op != NULL);
    Py_SIZE(op) = size;
    // 对象初始化
    PyObject_INIT((PyObject *)op, typeobj);
    return op;
}
#define PyObject_INIT(op, typeobj) \
    _PyObject_INIT(_PyObject_CAST(op), (typeobj))
static inline PyObject*
_PyObject_INIT(PyObject *op, PyTypeObject *typeobj)
{
    assert(op != NULL);
    Py_TYPE(op) = typeobj;
    if (PyType_GetFlags(typeobj) & Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE) {
        Py_INCREF(typeobj);
    }
    // 对象初始化,并把对象加入到refchain链表。
    _Py_NewReference(op);
    return op;
}
// Objects/object.c
// 维护了所有对象的一个环状双向链表
static PyObject refchain = {&refchain, &refchain};
void
_Py_AddToAllObjects(PyObject *op, int force)
{
    if (force || op->_ob_prev == NULL) {
        op->_ob_next = refchain._ob_next;
        op->_ob_prev = &refchain;
        refchain._ob_next->_ob_prev = op;
        refchain._ob_next = op;
    }
}
void
_Py_NewReference(PyObject *op)
{
    _Py_INC_REFTOTAL;
    // 引用计数器初始化为1。
    op->ob_refcnt = 1;
    // 对象添加到双向链表refchain中。
    _Py_AddToAllObjects(op, 1);
    _Py_INC_TPALLOCS(op);
}

引用

value = 69
data = value

类似于出现这种引用关系时,内部其实就是将对象的引用计数器+1,源码同float类型引用。

销毁

value = 699
del value

在项目中如果出现这种删除的语句,则内部会将引用计数器-1,如果引用计数器减为0,则直接进行垃圾回收。(int类型是基于小数据池而不是free_list做的缓存,所以不会在销毁时缓存数据)。
C源码执行流程如下:

// Include/object.h
static inline void _Py_DECREF(const char *filename, int lineno,
                              PyObject *op)
{
    (void)filename; /* may be unused, shut up -Wunused-parameter */
    (void)lineno; /* may be unused, shut up -Wunused-parameter */
    _Py_DEC_REFTOTAL;
    // 引用计数器-1,如果引用计数器为0,则执行 _Py_Dealloc去垃圾回收。
    if (--op->ob_refcnt != 0) {
#ifdef Py_REF_DEBUG
        if (op->ob_refcnt < 0) {
            _Py_NegativeRefcount(filename, lineno, op);
        }
#endif
    }
    else {
        _Py_Dealloc(op);
    }
}
#define Py_DECREF(op) _Py_DECREF(__FILE__, __LINE__, _PyObject_CAST(op))
// Objects/object.c
void
_Py_Dealloc(PyObject *op)
{
    // 找到int类型的 tp_dealloc 函数(int类中没有定义tp_dealloc函数,需要去父级PyBaseObject_Type中找tp_dealloc函数)
    // 此处体现所有的类型都继承object
    destructor dealloc = Py_TYPE(op)->tp_dealloc;
    // 在refchain双向链表中摘除此对象。
    _Py_ForgetReference(op);
    // 执行int类型的 tp_dealloc 函数,去进行垃圾回收。
    (*dealloc)(op);
}
void
_Py_ForgetReference(PyObject *op)
{
    ...
    // 在refchain链表中移除此对象
    op->_ob_next->_ob_prev = op->_ob_prev;
    op->_ob_prev->_ob_next = op->_ob_next;
    op->_ob_next = op->_ob_prev = NULL;
    _Py_INC_TPFREES(op);
}
// Objects/longobjet.c
PyTypeObject PyLong_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
    "int",                                      /* tp_name */
    offsetof(PyLongObject, ob_digit),           /* tp_basicsize */
    sizeof(digit),                              /* tp_itemsize */
    0,                                          /* tp_dealloc */
      ...
    PyObject_Del,                               /* tp_free */
};
Objects/typeobject.c
PyTypeObject PyBaseObject_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
    "object",                                   /* tp_name */
    sizeof(PyObject),                           /* tp_basicsize */
    0,                                          /* tp_itemsize */
    object_dealloc,                             /* tp_dealloc */
    ...
    PyObject_Del,                               /* tp_free */
};
static void
object_dealloc(PyObject *self)
{
    // 调用int类型的 tp_free,即:PyObject_Del去销毁对象。
    Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free(self);
}

 

Str类型

创建

name = "featherwit"

当在python中创建一个字符串数据时,底层会触发他的如下源码:

Objects/unicodeobject.c
PyObject *
PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8Stateful(const char *s,Py_ssize_t size,const char *errors,Py_ssize_t *consumed)
{
    return unicode_decode_utf8(s, size, _Py_ERROR_UNKNOWN, errors, consumed);
}
static PyObject *
unicode_decode_utf8(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size,_Py_error_handler error_handler, const char *errors,Py_ssize_t *consumed);
{
    ...
    // 如果字符串长度为1,并且是ascii字符,直接去缓存链表 *unicode_latin1[256] 中获取。
    if (size == 1 && (unsigned char)s[0] < 128) {
        if (consumed)
            *consumed = 1;
        return get_latin1_char((unsigned char)s[0]);
    }
    // 对传入的utf-8的字节进行处理,并选择合适的方式转换成unicode字符串。(latin2/ucs2/ucs4)。
    ...
    return _PyUnicodeWriter_Finish(&writer);
}
static PyObject*
get_latin1_char(unsigned char ch)
{
    PyObject *unicode = unicode_latin1[ch];
    if (!unicode) {
        unicode = PyUnicode_New(1, ch);
        if (!unicode)
            return NULL;
        PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(unicode)[0] = ch;
        assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 1));
        unicode_latin1[ch] = unicode;
    }
    Py_INCREF(unicode);
    return unicode;
}
PyObject *
_PyUnicodeWriter_Finish(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer)
{
    PyObject *str;
    // 写入值到str
    str = writer->buffer;
    writer->buffer = NULL;
    if (writer->readonly) {
        assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str) == writer->pos);
        return str;
    }
    if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str) != writer->pos) {
        PyObject *str2;
        // 创建对象
        str2 = resize_compact(str, writer->pos);
        if (str2 == NULL) {
            Py_DECREF(str);
            return NULL;
        }
        str = str2;
    }
    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(str, 1));
    return unicode_result_ready(str);
}
static PyObject*
resize_compact(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t length)
{
    ...
    // 开辟内存
    new_unicode = (PyObject *)PyObject_REALLOC(unicode, new_size);
    if (new_unicode == NULL) {
        _Py_NewReference(unicode);
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        return NULL;
    }
    unicode = new_unicode;
    // 把对象加入到refchain链表
    _Py_NewReference(unicode);
    ...
    return unicode;
}

在字符串中除了会执行上述代码之外,还会执行以下代码实现内部的驻留机制。为了更好的理解,你可以认为驻留机制:将字符串保存到一个名为 interned 的字典中,以后再使用时 直接去字典中获取不再需要创建。

实际在源码中每次都会创建新的字符串,只不过在内部检测是否已驻留到interned中,如果在则使用interned内部的原来的字符串,把新创建的字符串当做垃圾去回收。

Objects/unicodeobject.c
void
PyUnicode_InternInPlace(PyObject **p)
{
    PyObject *s = *p;
    PyObject *t;
#ifdef Py_DEBUG
    assert(s != NULL);
    assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(s));
#else
    if (s == NULL || !PyUnicode_Check(s))
        return;
#endif
    /* If it's a subclass, we don't really know what putting
       it in the interned dict might do. */
    if (!PyUnicode_CheckExact(s))
        return;
    if (PyUnicode_CHECK_INTERNED(s))
        return;
    if (interned == NULL) {
        interned = PyDict_New();
        if (interned == NULL) {
            PyErr_Clear(); /* Don't leave an exception */
            return;
        }
    }
    Py_ALLOW_RECURSION
    // 将新字符串驻留到interned字典中,不存在则驻留,已存在则不再重复驻留。
    t = PyDict_SetDefault(interned, s, s);
    Py_END_ALLOW_RECURSION
    if (t == NULL) {
        PyErr_Clear();
        return;
    }
    // 存在,使用已驻留的字符串 并 将引用计数器+1
    if (t != s) {
        Py_INCREF(t);
        Py_SETREF(*p, t); // 处理临时对象
        return;
    }
    /* The two references in interned are not counted by refcnt.
       The deallocator will take care of this */
    Py_REFCNT(s) -= 2; // 让临时对象可被回收。
    _PyUnicode_STATE(s).interned = SSTATE_INTERNED_MORTAL;
}

引用

同上,引用计数器 + 1 .

销毁

val = "featherwit"
del val

在项目中如果出现这种删除的语句,则内部会将引用计数器-1,如果引用计数器减为0,则进行缓存或垃圾回收。

// Include/object.h
static inline void _Py_DECREF(const char *filename, int lineno,
                              PyObject *op)
{
    (void)filename; /* may be unused, shut up -Wunused-parameter */
    (void)lineno; /* may be unused, shut up -Wunused-parameter */
    _Py_DEC_REFTOTAL;
    // 引用计数器-1,如果引用计数器为0,则执行 _Py_Dealloc去缓存或垃圾回收。
    if (--op->ob_refcnt != 0) {
#ifdef Py_REF_DEBUG
        if (op->ob_refcnt < 0) {
            _Py_NegativeRefcount(filename, lineno, op);
        }
#endif
    }
    else {
        _Py_Dealloc(op);
    }
}
#define Py_DECREF(op) _Py_DECREF(__FILE__, __LINE__, _PyObject_CAST(op))
// Objects/object.c
void
_Py_Dealloc(PyObject *op)
{
    // 找到str类型的 tp_dealloc 函数
    destructor dealloc = Py_TYPE(op)->tp_dealloc;
    // 在refchain双向链表中摘除此对象。
    _Py_ForgetReference(op);
    // 执行float类型的 tp_dealloc 函数,去进行缓存或垃圾回收。
    (*dealloc)(op);
}
void
_Py_ForgetReference(PyObject *op)
{
    ...
    // 在refchain链表中移除此对象
    op->_ob_next->_ob_prev = op->_ob_prev;
    op->_ob_prev->_ob_next = op->_ob_next;
    op->_ob_next = op->_ob_prev = NULL;
    _Py_INC_TPFREES(op);
}
// Objects/unicodeobject.c
PyTypeObject PyUnicode_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
    "str",                        /* tp_name */
    sizeof(PyUnicodeObject),      /* tp_basicsize */
    0,                            /* tp_itemsize */
    /* Slots */
    (destructor)unicode_dealloc,  /* tp_dealloc */
       ...
    PyObject_Del,                 /* tp_free */
};
static void
unicode_dealloc(PyObject *unicode)
{
    switch (PyUnicode_CHECK_INTERNED(unicode)) {
    case SSTATE_NOT_INTERNED:
        break;
    case SSTATE_INTERNED_MORTAL:
        /* revive dead object temporarily for DelItem */
        Py_REFCNT(unicode) = 3;
        // 在interned中删除驻留的字符串
        if (PyDict_DelItem(interned, unicode) != 0)
            Py_FatalError(
                "deletion of interned string failed");
        break;
    case SSTATE_INTERNED_IMMORTAL:
        Py_FatalError("Immortal interned string died.");
        /* fall through */
    default:
        Py_FatalError("Inconsistent interned string state.");
    }
    if (_PyUnicode_HAS_WSTR_MEMORY(unicode))
        PyObject_DEL(_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode));
    if (_PyUnicode_HAS_UTF8_MEMORY(unicode))
        PyObject_DEL(_PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode));
    if (!PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT(unicode) && _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode))
        PyObject_DEL(_PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode));
    // 内存中销毁对象
    Py_TYPE(unicode)->tp_free(unicode);
}

 

List类型

创建

v = [11, 22, 33]

当创建一个列表时候,内部的C源码会执行如下:

// Objects/listobject.c
#define PyList_MAXFREELIST 80
// free_list用于对list对象进行缓存,最多可缓存80个对象
static PyListObject *free_list[PyList_MAXFREELIST];
// free_list中可用的对象
static int numfree = 0;
PyObject *
PyList_New(Py_ssize_t size)
{
    PyListObject *op;
    if (size < 0) {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return NULL;
    }
    if (numfree) {
        // 如果free_list中有缓存的对象,则直接从free_list中获取一个对象来使用。
        numfree--;
        op = free_list[numfree];
        _Py_NewReference((PyObject *)op);
    } else {
        // 缓存中没有,则需要 开辟内存 & 初始化对象
        op = PyObject_GC_New(PyListObject, &PyList_Type);
        if (op == NULL)
            return NULL;
    }
    if (size <= 0)
        op->ob_item = NULL;
    else {
        op->ob_item = (PyObject **) PyMem_Calloc(size, sizeof(PyObject *));
        if (op->ob_item == NULL) {
            Py_DECREF(op);
            return PyErr_NoMemory();
        }
    }
    Py_SIZE(op) = size;
    op->allocated = size;
    // 把对象加入到分代回收的三代中的0代链表中。
    _PyObject_GC_TRACK(op);
    return (PyObject *) op;
}
static inline void _PyObject_GC_TRACK_impl(const char *filename, int lineno,
                                           PyObject *op)
{
    _PyObject_ASSERT_FROM(op, !_PyObject_GC_IS_TRACKED(op),
                          "object already tracked by the garbage collector",
                          filename, lineno, "_PyObject_GC_TRACK");
    PyGC_Head *gc = _Py_AS_GC(op);
    _PyObject_ASSERT_FROM(op,
                          (gc->_gc_prev & _PyGC_PREV_MASK_COLLECTING) == 0,
                          "object is in generation which is garbage collected",
                          filename, lineno, "_PyObject_GC_TRACK");
    // 把对象加入到链表中,链表尾部还是gc.generation0。
    PyGC_Head *last = (PyGC_Head*)(_PyRuntime.gc.generation0->_gc_prev);
    _PyGCHead_SET_NEXT(last, gc);
    _PyGCHead_SET_PREV(gc, last);
    _PyGCHead_SET_NEXT(gc, _PyRuntime.gc.generation0);
    _PyRuntime.gc.generation0->_gc_prev = (uintptr_t)gc;
}
#define _PyObject_GC_TRACK(op) \
    _PyObject_GC_TRACK_impl(__FILE__, __LINE__, _PyObject_CAST(op))
Include/objimpl.h
#define PyObject_GC_New(type, typeobj) \
            ( (type *) _PyObject_GC_New(typeobj) )
//Modules/gcmodule.c
PyObject *
 _PyObject_GC_New(PyTypeObject *tp)
{
    // 创建对象
    PyObject *op = _PyObject_GC_Malloc(_PyObject_SIZE(tp));
    if (op != NULL)
        // 初始化对象并把对象加入到refchain链表中。
        op = PyObject_INIT(op, tp);
    return op;
}
PyObject *
_PyObject_GC_Malloc(size_t basicsize)
{
   return _PyObject_GC_Alloc(0, basicsize);
}
static PyObject *
_PyObject_GC_Alloc(int use_calloc, size_t basicsize)
{
   // 包含分代回收的三代链表
   struct _gc_runtime_state *state = &_PyRuntime.gc;
   PyObject *op;
   PyGC_Head *g;
   size_t size;
   if (basicsize > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - sizeof(PyGC_Head))
      return PyErr_NoMemory();
   size = sizeof(PyGC_Head) + basicsize;
   // 创建 gc head
   if (use_calloc)
      g = (PyGC_Head *)PyObject_Calloc(1, size);
   else
      g = (PyGC_Head *)PyObject_Malloc(size);
   if (g == NULL)
      return PyErr_NoMemory();
   assert(((uintptr_t)g & 3) == 0);  // g must be aligned 4bytes boundary
   g->_gc_next = 0;
   g->_gc_prev = 0;
   // 分代回收的0代数量+1 
   state->generations[0].count++; /* number of allocated GC objects */
   // 如果0代超出自己的阈值,进行垃圾分代回收。
   if (state->generations[0].count > state->generations[0].threshold && state->enabled && state->generations[0].threshold && !state->collecting && !PyErr_Occurred()) 
   {
      // 正在收集
      state->collecting = 1;
      // 去进行垃圾回收收集
      collect_generations(state);
      // 结束收集
      state->collecting = 0;
   }
   op = FROM_GC(g);
   return op;
}
/* Get the object given the GC head */
#define FROM_GC(g) ((PyObject *)(((PyGC_Head *)g)+1))
static Py_ssize_t
collect_generations(struct _gc_runtime_state *state)
{
   Py_ssize_t n = 0;
   // 倒序循环三代,按照:2、1、0顺序
   for (int i = NUM_GENERATIONS-1; i >= 0; i--) {
      if (state->generations[i].count > state->generations[i].threshold) {
            if (i == NUM_GENERATIONS - 1 && state->long_lived_pending < state->long_lived_total / 4)
               continue;
              // 去进行回收,回收当前代之前的所有代。
            n = collect_with_callback(state, i);
            break;
      }
   }
   return n;
}
static Py_ssize_t
collect_with_callback(struct _gc_runtime_state *state, int generation)
{
   ...
   // 回收,0、1、2代(通过引用传参获取 已回收的和未回收的链表)
   result = collect(state, generation, &collected, &uncollectable, 0);
   ...
   return result;
}
/* This is the main function.  Read this to understand how the collection process works. */
static Py_ssize_t
collect(struct _gc_runtime_state *state, int generation,
      Py_ssize_t *n_collected, Py_ssize_t *n_uncollectable, int nofail)
{
   int i;
   Py_ssize_t m = 0; /* # objects collected */
   Py_ssize_t n = 0; /* # unreachable objects that couldn't be collected */
   PyGC_Head *young; /* the generation we are examining */
   PyGC_Head *old; /* next older generation */
   PyGC_Head unreachable; /* non-problematic unreachable trash */
   PyGC_Head finalizers;  /* objects with, & reachable from, __del__ */
   PyGC_Head *gc;
   _PyTime_t t1 = 0;   /* initialize to prevent a compiler warning */
   /* update collection and allocation counters */
   // generation分别会是 0 1 2
   // 让当前执行收集的代的更高级的代的count加1 ?例如:0带时,让1代的count+1
   // 因为当前带扫描一次,则更高级代count+1,当前带扫描到10次时,更高级的带要扫描一次。
   if (generation+1 < NUM_GENERATIONS)
      state->generations[generation+1].count += 1;
   // 比当前代低的代的count设置为0,因为当前带扫描时候会携带年轻带一起扫描,本次扫描之后对象都会升级到高级别的带,年轻代则为0
   for (i = 0; i <= generation; i++)
      state->generations[i].count = 0;
   // 总结:比当前扫描的代高的带count+1,自己和比自己低的代count设置为0.
   // 将比自己代低的所有代,搞到一个链表中
   // #define GEN_HEAD(state, n) (&(state)->generations[n].head)
   for (i = 0; i < generation; i++) {
      gc_list_merge(GEN_HEAD(state, i), GEN_HEAD(state, generation));
   }
   // 获取当前代的head(链表头)
   // #define GEN_HEAD(state, n) (&(state)->generations[n].head)
   young = GEN_HEAD(state, generation);
   // 比当前代老的head(链表头),如果是0、1、2中的2代时,则两个值相等。
   if (generation < NUM_GENERATIONS-1)
      //0、1代
      old = GEN_HEAD(state, generation+1);
   else
      //2代
      old = young;
   // 循环当前代(包含比自己年轻的代的链表)重的每个元素,将引用计数器拷贝到gc_refs中。
   // 拷贝出来的用于以后做计数器的计算,不回去更改原来的引用计数器的值。
   update_refs(young);  // gc_prev is used for gc_refs
   // 处理循环引用,把循环引用的位置值为0.
   subtract_refs(young);
   // 将链表中所有引用计数器为0的,移动到unreachable链表(不可达链表)。
   // 循环young链表中的每个元素,并根据拷贝的引用计数器gc_refs进行判断,如果为0则放入不可达链表;
   gc_list_init(&unreachable);
   move_unreachable(young, &unreachable);  // gc_prev is pointer again
   validate_list(young, 0);
   untrack_tuples(young);
   /* Move reachable objects to next generation. */
   // 将可达对象加入到下一代。
   if (young != old) {
      // 如果是0、1代,则升级到下一代。
      if (generation == NUM_GENERATIONS - 2) {
              // 如果是1代,则更新
            state->long_lived_pending += gc_list_size(young);
      }
      // 把young链表拼接到old链表中。
      gc_list_merge(young, old);
   }
   else {
      /* We only untrack dicts in full collections, to avoid quadratic
         dict build-up. See issue #14775. */
      // 如果是2代,则更新long_lived_total和long_lived_pending
      untrack_dicts(young);
      state->long_lived_pending = 0;
      state->long_lived_total = gc_list_size(young);
   }
   // 循环所有不可达的元素,把具有 __del__ 方法对象放到finalizers链表中。
   // 调用__del__之后,再会进行让他们在销毁。
   gc_list_init(&finalizers);
   // NEXT_MASK_UNREACHABLE is cleared here.
   // After move_legacy_finalizers(), unreachable is normal list.
   move_legacy_finalizers(&unreachable, &finalizers);
   /* finalizers contains the unreachable objects with a legacy finalizer;
   * unreachable objects reachable *from* those are also uncollectable,
   * and we move those into the finalizers list too.
   */
   move_legacy_finalizer_reachable(&finalizers);
   validate_list(&finalizers, 0);
   validate_list(&unreachable, PREV_MASK_COLLECTING);
    ...
   /* Clear weakrefs and invoke callbacks as necessary. */
   // 循环所有的不可达元素,处理所有弱引用到unreachable,如果弱引用对象仍然生存则放回old链表中。
   m += handle_weakrefs(&unreachable, old);
   validate_list(old, 0);
   validate_list(&unreachable, PREV_MASK_COLLECTING);
   /* Call tp_finalize on objects which have one. */
   // 执行那些具有的__del__方法的对象。
   finalize_garbage(&unreachable);
   // 最后,进行进行对垃圾的清除。
   if (check_garbage(&unreachable)) { // clear PREV_MASK_COLLECTING here
      gc_list_merge(&unreachable, old);
   }
   else {
      /* Call tp_clear on objects in the unreachable set.  This will cause
         * the reference cycles to be broken.  It may also cause some objects
         * in finalizers to be freed.
         */
      m += gc_list_size(&unreachable);
      delete_garbage(state, &unreachable, old);
   }
   /* Collect statistics on uncollectable objects found and print
   * debugging information. */
   for (gc = GC_NEXT(&finalizers); gc != &finalizers; gc = GC_NEXT(gc)) {
      n++;
      if (state->debug & DEBUG_UNCOLLECTABLE)
            debug_cycle("uncollectable", FROM_GC(gc));
   }
   if (state->debug & DEBUG_STATS) {
      double d = _PyTime_AsSecondsDouble(_PyTime_GetMonotonicClock() - t1);
      PySys_WriteStderr(
            "gc: done, %" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d unreachable, "
            "%" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d uncollectable, %.4fs elapsed\n",
            n+m, n, d);
   }
   /* Append instances in the uncollectable set to a Python
   * reachable list of garbage.  The programmer has to deal with
   * this if they insist on creating this type of structure.
   */
   // 执行完 __del__没有,不应该被删除的对象,再重新加入到可达链表中。
   handle_legacy_finalizers(state, &finalizers, old);
   validate_list(old, 0);
   /* Clear free list only during the collection of the highest
   * generation */
   if (generation == NUM_GENERATIONS-1) {
      clear_freelists();
   }
    ...
   return n+m;
}

引用

v1 = [11,22,33]
v2 = v1

当对对象进行引用时候,内部引用计数器+1,原理同上。

销毁

v1 = [11,22,33]
del v1

对列表对象进行销毁时,本质上就会执行引用计数器-1(同上),但当引用计数器为0时候,会执行list对象的tp_dealloc,即:

// Object/listobject.c
PyTypeObject PyList_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
    "list",
    sizeof(PyListObject),
    0,
    (destructor)list_dealloc,                   /* tp_dealloc */
    ...
    PyObject_GC_Del,                            /* tp_free */
};
/* Empty list reuse scheme to save calls to malloc and free */
#ifndef PyList_MAXFREELIST
#define PyList_MAXFREELIST 80
#endif
static PyListObject *free_list[PyList_MAXFREELIST];
static int numfree = 0;
static void
list_dealloc(PyListObject *op)
{
    Py_ssize_t i;
    // 从分代回收的的代中移除
    PyObject_GC_UnTrack(op);
    Py_TRASHCAN_BEGIN(op, list_dealloc)
    if (op->ob_item != NULL) {
        /* Do it backwards, for Christian Tismer.
           There's a simple test case where somehow this reduces
           thrashing when a *very* large list is created and
           immediately deleted. */
        i = Py_SIZE(op);
        while (--i >= 0) {
            Py_XDECREF(op->ob_item[i]);
        }
        PyMem_FREE(op->ob_item);
    }
    if (numfree < PyList_MAXFREELIST && PyList_CheckExact(op))
        // free_list中还么有占满80,不销毁并缓冲在free_list中
        free_list[numfree++] = op;
    else
        // 销毁并在refchain中移除
        Py_TYPE(op)->tp_free((PyObject *)op);
    Py_TRASHCAN_END
}

 

Tuple类型

创建

v = (11,22,33)

当创建元组时候,会执行如下源码:

// Objects/tupleobject.c
#define PyTuple_MAXSAVESIZE     20  /* Largest tuple to save on free list */
#define PyTuple_MAXFREELIST  2000  /* Maximum number of tuples of each size to save */
static PyTupleObject *free_list[PyTuple_MAXSAVESIZE]; // free_list[20] = {链表、链表..}
static int numfree[PyTuple_MAXSAVESIZE]; // numfree[2000]表示每个链表的长度
PyObject *
PyTuple_New(Py_ssize_t size)
{
    PyTupleObject *op;
    ...
    // free_list第0个元素存储的是空元祖
    if (size == 0 && free_list[0]) {
        op = free_list[0];
        Py_INCREF(op);
        return (PyObject *) op;
    }
    // 有缓存的tuple对象,则从free_list中获取
    if (size < PyTuple_MAXSAVESIZE && (op = free_list[size]) != NULL) {
        // 获取对象并初始化
        free_list[size] = (PyTupleObject *) op->ob_item[0];
        numfree[size]--;
        Py_SIZE(op) = size;
        Py_TYPE(op) = &PyTuple_Type;
        // 对象加入到refchain链表。
        _Py_NewReference((PyObject *)op);
    }
    else
    {
        ..
        // 没有缓存数据,则创建对象
        op = PyObject_GC_NewVar(PyTupleObject, &PyTuple_Type, size);
        if (op == NULL)
            return NULL;
    }
    for (i=0; i < size; i++)
        op->ob_item[i] = NULL;
    if (size == 0) {
        free_list[0] = op;
        ++numfree[0];
        Py_INCREF(op);          /* extra INCREF so that this is never freed */
    }
    // 对象加入到分代的链表。
    _PyObject_GC_TRACK(op);
    return (PyObject *) op;
}
// Includes/objimpl.h
#define PyObject_GC_NewVar(type, typeobj, n) \
                ( (type *) _PyObject_GC_NewVar((typeobj), (n)) )
Objects/gcmodules.c
PyVarObject *
_PyObject_GC_NewVar(PyTypeObject *tp, Py_ssize_t nitems)
{
    size_t size;
    PyVarObject *op;
    if (nitems < 0) {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return NULL;
    }
    size = _PyObject_VAR_SIZE(tp, nitems);
    // 开内存 & 分代 & 超过阈值则垃圾回收(流程同上述 列表过程)
    op = (PyVarObject *) _PyObject_GC_Malloc(size);
    if (op != NULL)
        op = PyObject_INIT_VAR(op, tp, nitems);
    return op;
}

引用

v1 = (11,22,33)
v2 = v1

引用时会触发引用计数器 + 1,具体流程同上。

销毁

v = (11,22,33)
del v

销毁对象时候,执行引用计数器-1,如果计数器减为0,则触发tuple类型的tp_dealloc,详细如下:

PyTypeObject PyTuple_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
    "tuple",
    sizeof(PyTupleObject) - sizeof(PyObject *),
    sizeof(PyObject *),
    (destructor)tupledealloc,                   /* tp_dealloc */
    ...
    PyObject_GC_Del,                            /* tp_free */
};
static void
tupledealloc(PyTupleObject *op)
{
    Py_ssize_t i;
    Py_ssize_t len =  Py_SIZE(op);
    // 从分代的链表中移除
    PyObject_GC_UnTrack(op);
    Py_TRASHCAN_BEGIN(op, tupledealloc)
    if (len > 0) {
        i = len;
        while (--i >= 0)
            Py_XDECREF(op->ob_item[i]);
        // 缓存到free_list中
        if (len < PyTuple_MAXSAVESIZE && numfree[len] < PyTuple_MAXFREELIST &&
            Py_TYPE(op) == &PyTuple_Type)
        {
            op->ob_item[0] = (PyObject *) free_list[len];
            numfree[len]++;
            free_list[len] = op;
            // 结束
            goto done; /* return */
        }
    }
    // 不缓存,则直接销毁对象并在refchain链表中移除。
    Py_TYPE(op)->tp_free((PyObject *)op);
done:
    Py_TRASHCAN_END
}

 

Dict类型

创建

v = {"name":"小白","age":18}

当创建一个字典对象时,Python底层会执行如下源码:

#define PyDict_MAXFREELIST 80
// 缓存dict对象的free_list
static PyDictObject *free_list[PyDict_MAXFREELIST];
static int numfree = 0;
PyObject *
PyDict_New(void)
{
    dictkeys_incref(Py_EMPTY_KEYS);
    return new_dict(Py_EMPTY_KEYS, empty_values);
}
/* Consumes a reference to the keys object */
static PyObject *
new_dict(PyDictKeysObject *keys, PyObject **values)
{
    PyDictObject *mp;
    assert(keys != NULL);
    // 如果有缓存,则从缓存区获取一个对象
    if (numfree) {
        mp = free_list[--numfree];
        assert (mp != NULL);
        assert (Py_TYPE(mp) == &PyDict_Type);
        _Py_NewReference((PyObject *)mp);
    }
    else {
        // 没有缓存,则去创建字典对象。(源码流程同list类型)
        mp = PyObject_GC_New(PyDictObject, &PyDict_Type);
        if (mp == NULL) {
            dictkeys_decref(keys);
            if (values != empty_values) {
                free_values(values);
            }
            return NULL;
        }
    }
    mp->ma_keys = keys;
    mp->ma_values = values;
    mp->ma_used = 0;
    mp->ma_version_tag = DICT_NEXT_VERSION();
    ASSERT_CONSISTENT(mp);
    return (PyObject *)mp;
}

引用

v1 = {"name":"小白","age":18}
v2 = v1

出现引用,则应用计数器+1(同上)。

销毁

v1 = {"name":"小白","age":18}
del v1

销毁一个对象时候,引用计数器-1,当减到0时候,则触发dict类型的tp_dealloc,源码如下:

// Object/dictobject.c
PyTypeObject PyDict_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
    "dict",
    sizeof(PyDictObject),
    0,
    (destructor)dict_dealloc,                   /* tp_dealloc */
    ...
    PyObject_GC_Del,                            /* tp_free */
};
static void
dict_dealloc(PyDictObject *mp)
{
    PyObject **values = mp->ma_values;
    PyDictKeysObject *keys = mp->ma_keys;
    Py_ssize_t i, n;
    // 从分代链表中移除
    PyObject_GC_UnTrack(mp);
    Py_TRASHCAN_BEGIN(mp, dict_dealloc)
    ...
    // 缓存区为满,则缓存
    if (numfree < PyDict_MAXFREELIST && Py_TYPE(mp) == &PyDict_Type)
        free_list[numfree++] = mp;
    else
        // 已满则销毁,并在refchain中移除。
        Py_TYPE(mp)->tp_free((PyObject *)mp);
    Py_TRASHCAN_END
}

 

  

 

posted @ 2020-05-15 15:58  愚者丶  阅读(376)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报