Python面向对象高级编程-@property
使用@property
在绑定属性时,如果直接把属性暴露出去,虽然写起来简单,但是没法检查参数,导致可以把成绩随便改:
>>> class Student(object): pass >>> s =Student() >>> s.score=999 >>> s.score 999
这显然不符合逻辑,为了限制score的范围,可以通过一个set_score()方法来设置成绩,再通过一个get_score()来获取成绩,这样,在set_score()方法里,就可以检查参数:
>>> class Student(object): def get_score(self): return self.score def set_score(self,value): if not isinstance(value,int): raise ValueError("score must be an integer") if value <0 or value > 100: raise ValueError("score must between 0~100") self.score = value >>> s = Student() >>> s.set_score('a') Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#57>", line 1, in <module> s.set_score('a') File "<pyshell#54>", line 6, in set_score raise ValueError("score must be an integer") ValueError: score must be an integer >>> s.set_score(99999) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#58>", line 1, in <module> s.set_score(99999) File "<pyshell#54>", line 8, in set_score raise ValueError("score must between 0~100") ValueError: score must between 0~100 >>> s.set_score(99) >>> s.get_score() 99 >>>
现在,对任意的Student实例进行操作,就不能随心所欲地设置score了:
但是,上面的调用方法又略显复杂,没有直接用属性这么直接简单。
有没有技能检查参数,有可以用雷士属性这样简单地方式来访问类的变量?
记得装饰器(decorator)可以给函数动态加上功能?对于累的方法,装饰器一样起作用,Python内置的@property装饰器就是负责把一个方法变成属性调用的:
>>> class Student(object): @property def score(self): return self._score @score.setter def score(self, value): if not isinstance(value, int): raise ValueError('score must be an integer!') if value < 0 or value > 100: raise ValueError('score must between 0 ~ 100!') self._score = value >>> s = Student() >>> s.score =99 >>> s.score = 999 Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#76>", line 1, in <module> s.score = 999 File "<pyshell#73>", line 12, in score raise ValueError('score must between 0 ~ 100!') ValueError: score must between 0 ~ 100! >>> s.score = 'a' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#77>", line 1, in <module> s.score = 'a' File "<pyshell#73>", line 10, in score raise ValueError('score must be an integer!') ValueError: score must be an integer! >>>
注意这个@property,在对实例属性操作的时候,就知道该属性很可能不是直接暴露的,而是通过getter和setter方法来实现的。
还可以定义只读属性,值定义getter方法,不定义setter方法就是一个只读属性:
>> class Student(object): @property def birth(self): return self._birth @birth.setter def birth(self,value): self._birth = value @property def age(self): return 2017 - self._birth >>> s = Student() >>> s.birth = 1995 >>> s.age 22 >>> s.age = 23 Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#17>", line 1, in <module> s.age = 23 AttributeError: can't set attribute >>>
上面的birth是可读写属性,而age就是一个只读属性,因为age可以根据birth和当前时间计算出来。
总结
@property广泛应用在类的定义中,可以让调用者写出简短的代码,同时保证对参数进行必要的检查,这样程序运行时就减少了出错的可能性。