Python面向对象高级编程-@property

使用@property

在绑定属性时,如果直接把属性暴露出去,虽然写起来简单,但是没法检查参数,导致可以把成绩随便改:

>>> class Student(object):
    pass

>>> s =Student()
>>> s.score=999
>>> s.score
999

这显然不符合逻辑,为了限制score的范围,可以通过一个set_score()方法来设置成绩,再通过一个get_score()来获取成绩,这样,在set_score()方法里,就可以检查参数:

>>> class Student(object):
    def get_score(self):
        return self.score
    def set_score(self,value):
        if not isinstance(value,int):
            raise ValueError("score must be an integer")
        if value <0 or value > 100:
            raise ValueError("score must between 0~100")
        self.score = value

>>> s = Student()
>>> s.set_score('a')

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#57>", line 1, in <module>
    s.set_score('a')
  File "<pyshell#54>", line 6, in set_score
    raise ValueError("score must be an integer")
ValueError: score must be an integer
>>> s.set_score(99999)

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#58>", line 1, in <module>
    s.set_score(99999)
  File "<pyshell#54>", line 8, in set_score
    raise ValueError("score must between 0~100")
ValueError: score must between 0~100
>>> s.set_score(99)
>>> s.get_score()
99
>>> 

现在,对任意的Student实例进行操作,就不能随心所欲地设置score了:

但是,上面的调用方法又略显复杂,没有直接用属性这么直接简单。

有没有技能检查参数,有可以用雷士属性这样简单地方式来访问类的变量?

记得装饰器(decorator)可以给函数动态加上功能?对于累的方法,装饰器一样起作用,Python内置的@property装饰器就是负责把一个方法变成属性调用的:

>>> class Student(object):

    @property
    def score(self):
        return self._score

    @score.setter
    def score(self, value):
        if not isinstance(value, int):
            raise ValueError('score must be an integer!')
        if value < 0 or value > 100:
            raise ValueError('score must between 0 ~ 100!')
        self._score = value

        
>>> s = Student()
>>> s.score =99
>>> s.score = 999

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#76>", line 1, in <module>
    s.score = 999
  File "<pyshell#73>", line 12, in score
    raise ValueError('score must between 0 ~ 100!')
ValueError: score must between 0 ~ 100!
>>> s.score = 'a'

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#77>", line 1, in <module>
    s.score = 'a'
  File "<pyshell#73>", line 10, in score
    raise ValueError('score must be an integer!')
ValueError: score must be an integer!
>>> 

注意这个@property,在对实例属性操作的时候,就知道该属性很可能不是直接暴露的,而是通过getter和setter方法来实现的。

还可以定义只读属性,值定义getter方法,不定义setter方法就是一个只读属性:

>> class Student(object):
    @property
    def birth(self):
        return self._birth
    @birth.setter
    def birth(self,value):
        self._birth = value
    @property
    def age(self):
        return 2017 - self._birth

    
>>> s = Student()
>>> s.birth = 1995

>>> s.age
22
>>> s.age = 23

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#17>", line 1, in <module>
    s.age = 23
AttributeError: can't set attribute
>>> 

上面的birth是可读写属性,而age就是一个只读属性,因为age可以根据birth和当前时间计算出来。

总结

@property广泛应用在类的定义中,可以让调用者写出简短的代码,同时保证对参数进行必要的检查,这样程序运行时就减少了出错的可能性。

 

posted @ 2017-11-02 14:27  起床oO  阅读(737)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报