实验2 类和对象_基础编程1
实验任务1:
实验代码:
1 #include <string> 2 3 // 类T: 声明 4 class T { 5 // 对象属性、方法 6 public: 7 T(int x = 0, int y = 0); // 普通构造函数 8 T(const T &t); // 复制构造函数 9 T(T &&t); // 移动构造函数 10 ~T(); // 析构函数 11 12 void adjust(int ratio); // 按系数成倍调整数据 13 void display() const; // 以(m1, m2)形式显示T类对象信息 14 15 private: 16 int m1, m2; 17 18 // 类属性、方法 19 public: 20 static int get_cnt(); // 显示当前T类对象总数 21 22 public: 23 static const std::string doc; // 类T的描述信息 24 static const int max_cnt; // 类T对象上限 25 26 private: 27 static int cnt; // 当前T类对象数目 28 29 // 类T友元函数声明 30 friend void func(); 31 }; 32 33 // 普通函数声明 34 void func();
1 // 类T: 实现 2 // 普通函数实现 3 4 #include "t.h" 5 #include <iostream> 6 #include <string> 7 8 using std::cout; 9 using std::endl; 10 using std::string; 11 12 // static成员数据类外初始化 13 const std::string T::doc{"a simple class sample"}; 14 const int T::max_cnt = 999; 15 int T::cnt = 0; 16 17 18 // 对象方法 19 T::T(int x, int y): m1{x}, m2{y} { 20 ++cnt; 21 cout << "T constructor called.\n"; 22 } 23 24 T::T(const T &t): m1{t.m1}, m2{t.m2} { 25 ++cnt; 26 cout << "T copy constructor called.\n"; 27 } 28 29 T::T(T &&t): m1{t.m1}, m2{t.m2} { 30 ++cnt; 31 cout << "T move constructor called.\n"; 32 } 33 34 T::~T() { 35 --cnt; 36 cout << "T destructor called.\n"; 37 } 38 39 void T::adjust(int ratio) { 40 m1 *= ratio; 41 m2 *= ratio; 42 } 43 44 void T::display() const { 45 cout << "(" << m1 << ", " << m2 << ")" ; 46 } 47 48 // 类方法 49 int T::get_cnt() { 50 return cnt; 51 } 52 53 // 友元 54 void func() { 55 T t5(42); 56 t5.m2 = 2049; 57 cout << "t5 = "; t5.display(); cout << endl; 58 }
1 #include "t.h" 2 #include <iostream> 3 4 using std::cout; 5 using std::endl; 6 7 void test(); 8 9 int main() { 10 test(); 11 cout << "\nmain: \n"; 12 cout << "T objects'current count: " << T::get_cnt() << endl; 13 } 14 15 void test() { 16 cout << "test class T: \n"; 17 cout << "T info: " << T::doc << endl; 18 cout << "T objects'max count: " << T::max_cnt << endl; 19 cout << "T objects'current count: " << T::get_cnt() << endl << endl; 20 21 22 T t1; 23 cout << "t1 = "; t1.display(); cout << endl; 24 25 T t2(3, 4); 26 cout << "t2 = "; t2.display(); cout << endl; 27 28 T t3(t2); 29 t3.adjust(2); 30 cout << "t3 = "; t3.display(); cout << endl; 31 32 T t4(std::move(t2)); 33 cout << "t3 = "; t4.display(); cout << endl; 34 35 cout << "T objects'current count: " << T::get_cnt() << endl; 36 37 func(); 38 }
运行结果截图:
问题1:
不能运行。
报错截图:
可能原因:
友元声明在类内,定义在类外。如果不在类外进行普通函数声明的话,那么在task1.cpp进行编译的时候,由于在类外无法访问类内的私有成员,将找不到t.h中关于func 声明。
问题2:
功能:
普通构造函数 T(int x = 0, int y = 0)
:这是类的默认构造函数,用于初始化对象的成员变量 m1
和 m2
。当创建类 T
的对象时,如果没有提供特定的构造函数参数,将调用此构造函数。
复制构造函数 T(const T &t)
:这个构造函数用于创建一个新对象,它是另一个同类型对象的副本。它通过复制已有对象的成员变量来初始化新对象。
移动构造函数 T(T &&t)
:移动构造函数用于在不进行复制的情况下,将资源从一个对象转移到另一个对象。它接受一个右值引用作为参数。
析构函数 ~T()
:析构函数用于执行清理工作,释放资源。
调用时机:
普通构造函数在对象创建时调用。
复制构造函数在对象通过另一个对象初始化时调用。
移动构造函数在对象通过另一个对象的移动初始化时调用。
析构函数在对象被销毁时调用,例如当对象离开作用域或被显式删除时。
问题3:
不能。
因为静态成员变量的定义和初始化应该在类定义之外进行,而不是在类定义内部。
实验任务2:
实验代码:
1 #pragma once 2 #include<iostream> 3 class Complex { 4 public: 5 static const std::string doc; 6 Complex(); 7 Complex(double x); 8 Complex(double x, double y); 9 Complex(const Complex& c); 10 double get_real()const; 11 double get_imag()const; 12 void add(const Complex& c); 13 friend Complex add(const Complex& c1, const Complex& c2); 14 15 friend bool is_equal(const Complex& c1, const Complex& c2); 16 17 friend bool is_not_equal(const Complex& c1, const Complex& c2); 18 19 friend void output(const Complex& c); 20 21 friend double abs(const Complex& c); 22 23 24 private: 25 double real; 26 double imag; 27 };
1 #include"complex.h" 2 #include<iostream> 3 #include<math.h> 4 const std::string Complex::doc = "a simplified complex class"; 5 Complex::Complex():real(0), imag(0) {} 6 Complex::Complex(double x) : real(x), imag(0) {} 7 Complex::Complex(double x, double y) : real(x), imag(y) {} 8 Complex::Complex(const Complex& c) : real(c.real), imag(c.imag) {} 9 double Complex::get_real() const { 10 11 return real; 12 13 } 14 double Complex::get_imag() const { 15 16 return imag; 17 18 } 19 void Complex::add(const Complex& other) { 20 21 real += other.real; 22 23 imag += other.imag; 24 25 } 26 Complex add(const Complex& c1, const Complex& c2) { 27 28 return Complex(c1.real + c2.real, c1.imag + c2.imag); 29 30 } 31 32 33 34 bool is_equal(const Complex& c1, const Complex& c2) { 35 36 return (c1.real == c2.real) && (c1.imag == c2.imag); 37 38 } 39 bool is_not_equal(const Complex& c1, const Complex& c2) 40 { 41 return !is_equal(c1, c2); 42 } 43 double abs(const Complex& c) { 44 45 return std::sqrt(c.real * c.real + c.imag * c.imag); 46 47 } 48 void output(const Complex& c) { 49 if (c.imag >= 0) { 50 std::cout << c.real << " + " << std::abs(c.imag) << "i"; 51 } 52 else 53 { 54 std::cout << c.real << " - " << std::abs(c.imag) << "i"; 55 } 56 57 }
#include"complex.h" #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; using std::boolalpha; void test() { cout << "类成员测试: " << endl; cout << Complex::doc << endl; cout << endl; cout << "Complex对象测试: " << endl; Complex c1; Complex c2(3, -4); const Complex c3(3.5); Complex c4(c3); cout << "c1 = "; output(c1); cout << endl; cout << "c2 = "; output(c2); cout << endl; cout << "c3 = "; output(c3); cout << endl; cout << "c4 = "; output(c4); cout << endl; cout << "c4.real = " << c4.get_real() << ", c4.imag = " << c4.get_imag() << endl; cout << endl; cout << "复数运算测试: " << endl; cout << "abs(c2) = " << abs(c2) << endl; c1.add(c2); cout << "c1 += c2, c1 = "; output(c1); cout << endl; cout << boolalpha; cout << "c1 == c2 : " << is_equal(c1, c2) << endl; cout << "c1 != c3 : " << is_not_equal(c1, c3) << endl; c4 = add(c2, c3); cout << "c4 = c2 + c3, c4 = "; output(c4); cout << endl; } int main() { test(); }
运行结果截图:
实验任务3:
实验代码:
1 #include <iostream> 2 #include <complex> 3 4 using std::cout; 5 using std::endl; 6 using std::boolalpha; 7 using std::complex; 8 9 void test() { 10 cout << "标准库模板类comple测试: " << endl; 11 complex<double> c1; 12 complex<double> c2(3, -4); 13 const complex<double> c3(3.5); 14 complex<double> c4(c3); 15 16 cout << "c1 = " << c1 << endl; 17 cout << "c2 = " << c2 << endl; 18 cout << "c3 = " << c3 << endl; 19 cout << "c4 = " << c4 << endl; 20 cout << "c4.real = " << c4.real() << ", c4.imag = " << c4.imag() << endl; 21 cout << endl; 22 23 cout << "复数运算测试: " << endl; 24 cout << "abs(c2) = " << abs(c2) << endl; 25 c1 += c2; 26 cout << "c1 += c2, c1 = " << c1 << endl; 27 cout << boolalpha; 28 cout << "c1 == c2 : " << (c1 == c2) << endl; 29 cout << "c1 != c3 : " << (c1 != c3) << endl; 30 c4 = c2 + c3; 31 cout << "c4 = c2 + c3, c4 = " << c4 << endl; 32 } 33 34 int main() { 35 test(); 36 }
运行结果截图:
问题:
接口:
complex<double> c1使用默认构造函数创建了一个复数对象c1
complex<double> c2(3, -4) 使用初始化列表构造复数对象c2
const complex<double> c3(3.5) 使用构造函数创建了一个常量复数对象c3
complex<double> c4(c3) 使用复制构造函数创建了复数对象c4
使用std::cout和<<操作符直接输出复数对象
c4.real()和 c4.imag() 分别获取复数对象的实部和虚部。
c1 += c2 使用+=运算符将c2加到c1上
(c1 == c2)使用==运算符比较两个复数对象是否相等
(c1 != c3)使用!=运算符比较两个复数对象是否不相等
abs(c2)计算复数对象c2的模;
c4 = c2 + c3使用+运算符将两个复数对象相加
写法更简洁之处:
1.构造函数:
任务2:需要手动定义各种构造函数来初始化复数对象。
任务3:可以直接使用列表初始化或者提供特定的构造函数来创建复数对象,代码更为简洁。
2.运算:
任务2:需要手动实现加法、减法、乘法和除法等运算符的重载。
任务3:标准库complex类已经重载了基本的算术运算符,可以直接使用这些运算符进行复数运算。
3.访问:
任务2:需要通过成员函数(如get_real()和get_imag())来获取实部和虚部。
任务3:可以直接使用.real()和.imag()成员函数来访问复数的实部和虚部,代码更为直观和简洁。
4.输出:
任务2:需要自定义一个output()函数来格式化输出复数。
任务3:可以直接使用std::cout和<<运算符来输出复数
5.模运算:
任务2:需要手动实现复数的模运算。
任务3:可以直接使用标准库提供的abs()函数来计算复数的模。
启发:标准库complex
类的接口设计简洁直观,易于理解和使用,可以使代码更加简洁和直观。
实验任务4:
实验代码:
1 #pragma once 2 #include <string> 3 4 class Fraction { 5 public: 6 Fraction(int up, int down = 1); 7 Fraction(const Fraction&); 8 9 int get_up() const; 10 int get_down() const; 11 Fraction negative() const; 12 int gcd()const; 13 friend Fraction add(const Fraction&, const Fraction&); 14 friend Fraction sub(const Fraction&, const Fraction&); 15 friend Fraction mul(const Fraction&, const Fraction&); 16 friend Fraction div(const Fraction&, const Fraction&); 17 friend void output(const Fraction&); 18 19 20 static const std::string doc; 21 22 private: 23 int up; 24 int down; 25 26 };
1 #include "Fraction.h" 2 #include <iostream> 3 #include<cmath> 4 const std::string Fraction::doc = "Fraction类v0.01版. 目前仅支持分数对象的构造、输出、加/减/乘/除运算"; 5 6 Fraction::Fraction(int up, int down) : up(up), down(down) {} 7 8 Fraction::Fraction(const Fraction & other) : up(other.up), down(other.down) {} 9 10 int Fraction::get_up() const { 11 int a = gcd(); 12 return up/a; 13 14 } 15 16 int Fraction::get_down() const { 17 int a = gcd(); 18 return down/a; 19 20 } 21 22 Fraction Fraction::negative() const { 23 return Fraction(-up, down); 24 25 } 26 27 Fraction add(const Fraction & f1, const Fraction & f2) { 28 return Fraction(f1.up * f2.down + f2.up * f1.down, f1.down * f2.down); 29 30 } 31 32 Fraction sub(const Fraction & f1, const Fraction & f2) { 33 return Fraction(f1.up * f2.down - f2.up * f1.down, f1.down * f2.down); 34 35 } 36 37 Fraction mul(const Fraction & f1, const Fraction & f2) { 38 return Fraction(f1.up * f2.up, f1.down * f2.down); 39 40 } 41 42 Fraction div(const Fraction & f1, const Fraction & f2) { 43 return Fraction(f1.up * f2.down, f1.down * f2.up); 44 45 } 46 47 void output(const Fraction & f) { 48 int a = f.down, b = f.up; 49 int c = a, d = b; 50 int temp; 51 while (d != 0) 52 { 53 temp = c % d; 54 c = d; 55 d = temp; 56 } 57 int gcd = c; 58 b /= gcd; 59 a /= gcd; 60 if (a == 0) 61 { 62 std::cout << "分母不能为0"; 63 return; 64 } 65 if (a < 0) { 66 b = -b; 67 a = -a; 68 69 } 70 if (b == 0) { 71 std::cout << "0"; 72 73 } 74 else if (a == 1) { 75 std::cout << b; 76 77 } 78 else { 79 std::cout << b << "/" << a; 80 81 } 82 83 } 84 int Fraction::gcd()const 85 { 86 int c = up; 87 int d = down; 88 int temp; 89 while (d != 0) 90 { 91 temp = c % d; 92 c = d; 93 d = temp; 94 } 95 return c; 96 }
1 #include "Fraction.h" 2 #include <iostream> 3 4 using std::cout; 5 using std::endl; 6 7 8 void test1() { 9 cout << "Fraction类测试: " << endl; 10 cout << Fraction::doc << endl << endl; 11 12 Fraction f1(5); 13 Fraction f2(3, -4), f3(-18, 12); 14 Fraction f4(f3); 15 cout << "f1 = "; output(f1); cout << endl; 16 cout << "f2 = "; output(f2); cout << endl; 17 cout << "f3 = "; output(f3); cout << endl; 18 cout << "f4 = "; output(f4); cout << endl; 19 20 Fraction f5(f4.negative()); 21 cout << "f5 = "; output(f5); cout << endl; 22 cout << "f5.get_up() = " << f5.get_up() << ", f5.get_down() = " << f5.get_down() << endl; 23 24 cout << "f1 + f2 = "; output(add(f1, f2)); cout << endl; 25 cout << "f1 - f2 = "; output(sub(f1, f2)); cout << endl; 26 cout << "f1 * f2 = "; output(mul(f1, f2)); cout << endl; 27 cout << "f1 / f2 = "; output(div(f1, f2)); cout << endl; 28 cout << "f4 + f5 = "; output(add(f4, f5)); cout << endl; 29 } 30 31 void test2() { 32 Fraction f6(42, 55), f7(0, 3); 33 cout << "f6 = "; output(f6); cout << endl; 34 cout << "f7 = "; output(f7); cout << endl; 35 cout << "f6 / f7 = "; output(div(f6, f7)); cout << endl; 36 } 37 38 int main() { 39 cout << "测试1: Fraction类基础功能测试\n"; 40 test1(); 41 42 cout << "\n测试2: 分母为0测试: \n"; 43 test2(); 44 }
运行结果截图:
实验任务5:
实验代码:
1 #ifndef _ _ACCOUNT_H_ _ 2 #define _ _ACCOUNT_H_ _ 3 class SavingsAccount{ 4 private: 5 int id; 6 double balance; 7 double rate; 8 int lastDate; 9 double accumulation; 10 static double total; 11 void record(int date,double amount); 12 double accumulate(int date)const{ 13 return accumulation+balance*(date-lastDate); 14 } 15 public: 16 SavingsAccount(int date,int id,double rate); 17 int getId()const{return id;} 18 double getBalance()const{return balance;} 19 double getRate()const{return rate;} 20 static double getTotal(){return total;} 21 void deposit(int date,double amount); 22 void withdraw(int date,double amount); 23 void settle(int date); 24 void show()const; 25 26 }; 27 #endif//_ _ACCOUNT_H_ _
1 #include"account.h" 2 #include<cmath> 3 #include<iostream> 4 using namespace std; 5 double SavingsAccount::total=0; 6 SavingsAccount::SavingsAccount(int date,int id,double rate) 7 :id(id),balance(0),rate(rate),lastDate(date),accumulation(0){ 8 cout<<date<<"\t#"<<id<<" is created"<<endl; 9 } 10 void SavingsAccount::record(int date,double amount){ 11 accumulation=accumulate(date); 12 lastDate=date; 13 amount=floor(amount*100+0.5)/100; 14 balance+=amount; 15 total+=amount; 16 cout<<date<<"\t#"<<id<<"\t"<<amount<<"\t"<<balance<<endl; 17 } 18 void SavingsAccount::deposit(int date,double amount){ 19 record(date,amount); 20 } 21 void SavingsAccount::withdraw(int date,double amount){ 22 if(amount>getBalance()) 23 cout<<"Error:not enough money"<<endl; 24 else 25 record(date,-amount); 26 } 27 void SavingsAccount::settle(int date){ 28 double interest=accumulate(date)*rate/365; 29 if(interest!=0) 30 record(date,interest); 31 accumulation=0; 32 } 33 void SavingsAccount::show()const{ 34 cout<<"#"<<id<<"\tBalance:"<<balance; 35 }
1 #include"account.h" 2 #include<iostream> 3 using namespace std; 4 int main() 5 { 6 SavingsAccount sa0(1,21325302,0.015); 7 SavingsAccount sa1(1,58320212,0.015); 8 sa0.deposit(5,5000); 9 sa1.deposit(25,10000); 10 sa0.deposit(45,5500); 11 sa1.withdraw(60,4000); 12 sa0.settle(90); 13 sa1.settle(90); 14 sa0.show();cout<<endl; 15 sa1.show();cout<<endl; 16 cout<<"Total:"<< SavingsAccount::getTotal()<<endl; 17 return 0; 18 }
accumulate()
和 getBalance()
加上 const
修饰符,可以防止数据被更改。总结:
通过本次实验,我明白了使用标准库所带来的简洁,以及知道了怎么通过多文件的方式来编写代码。