爬虫之：Scrapy 模块

Scrapy 模块

Scrapy 模块
1 Scrapy 简介

1 Scrapy 简介

Scrapy是一个应用程序框架，用于对网站进行爬行和提取结构化数据，这些结构化数据可用于各种有用的应用程序，如数据挖掘、信息处理或历史存档。其具有以下功能：

支持全栈数据爬取操作
支持XPath
异步的数据下载
支持高性能持久化存储
分布式

官网：Scrapy | A Fast and Powerful Scraping and Web Crawling Framework

1.1 安装

# Twisted是用Python实现的基于事件驱动的网络引擎框架，Scrapy 基于 Twisted
pip install twisted

# 安装scrapy
pip install scrapy

1.2 Scrapy 全局命令

Usage:
  scrapy <command> [options] [args]

Available commands:
  bench         Run quick benchmark test
  fetch         Fetch a URL using the Scrapy downloader
  genspider     Generate new spider using pre-defined templates
  runspider     Run a self-contained spider (without creating a project)
  settings      Get settings values
  shell         Interactive scraping console
  startproject  Create new project
  version       Print Scrapy version
  view          Open URL in browser, as seen by Scrapy

1.3 Scrapy项目命令

Usage:
  scrapy <command> [options] [args]

Available commands:
  check         Check spider contracts
  crawl         Run a spider
  edit          Edit spider
  list          List available spiders
  parse         Parse URL (using its spider) and print the results

2 Scrapy 操作

2.1 创建项目操作

# 创建项目文件
scrapy startproject <scrapyPJname>

# 创建爬虫文件
cd <scrapyPJname>
scrapy genspider <spiderName> www.xxx.com

# 执行
scrapy crawl spiderName

2.2 配置项目文件

# settings.py

USER_AGENT = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.81 ' \
             'Safari/537.36 '

## 不遵从robots协议
ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False

## Log
LOG_LEVEL = 'ERROR'
LOG_FILE = 'log.txt'

# 300表示的优先级，越小优先级越高
# 如果pipelines.py中定义了多个管道类，爬虫类提交的item会给到优先级最高的管道类。
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
   'scrapyPJ01.pipelines.Scrapypj01Pipeline': 300,
}

1.4 数据解析

extract():列表是有多个列表元素
extract_first():列表元素只有单个

1.5 持久化存储流程

1.数据解析
2.在item的类中定义相关的属性
3.将解析的数据存储封装到item类型的对象中.item['name']
4.将item对象提交给管道
5.在管道类中的process_item方法负责接收item对象，然后对item进行任意形式的持久化存储
6.process_item 方法的 return item 的操作表示将item传递给下一个即将被执行的管道类
7.在settings.py中开启管道

3 实例

3.1 基于终端命令持久化存储

ctspider.py

import scrapy


class CtspiderSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'ctspider'
    # allowed_domains = ['www.xxx.com']
    start_urls = ['http://www.xxx.com/']

    def parse(self, response):
        data_list = []
        div_list = response.xpath('/html/body/main/div/div/div[1]/div/div[2]/div[1]/div')
        for div in div_list:
            # 注意：xpath返回的列表中的列表元素是Selector对象，我们要解析获取的字符串的数据是存储在该对象中
            # 必须经过一个extract()的操作才可以将改对象中存储的字符串的数据获取
            # title = div.xpath('./div/div/div[1]/a/text()')  # [<Selector xpath='./div/div/div[1]/a/text()' data='泽连斯基何以当选《时代》2022年度人物？'>]
            title = div.xpath('./div/div/div[1]/a/text()').extract_first()
            # xpath返回的列表中的列表元素有多个（Selector对象）,使用extract()取出
            author = div.xpath('./div[1]/div/div[2]/div[1]/span[1]/span/text()')[0].extract()  # ['知世']
            content = div.xpath('./div[1]/div/div[1]/div[3]/text()').extract_first()  # 美国《时代》杂志将乌克兰总统泽连斯基及“乌克兰精神”评为2022年度风云人...
            # 返回列表数据
            data = {
                'title':title,
                'author':author,
                'content':content
            }
            data_list.append(data)
        return data_list

scrapy crawl ctspider -o ctresult.csv

3.2 引入item

items.py

import scrapy


class Scrapypj01Item(scrapy.Item):
    # define the fields for your item here like:
    # Field是一个万能的数据类型
    title = scrapy.Field()
    author = scrapy.Field()

ctspider.py

import scrapy
import scrapypj01.items as items


class CtspiderSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'ctspider'
    # allowed_domains = ['dig.chouti.com']
    start_urls = ['http://dig.chouti.com/']

    # 终端命令持久化存储
    def parse(self, response):
        ctresponse = response.xpath('')
        title = ctresponse.xpath('/html/body/main/div/div/div[1]/div/div[2]/div[1]/div/div[1]/div/div/div[1]/a/text()').extract_first()
        author = ctresponse.xpath('/html/body/main/div/div/div[1]/div/div[2]/div[1]/div/div[1]/div[1]/div/div[2]/div[1]/span[1]/span/text()')[0].extract()
		
        # 实例化item类型的对象
        ctitem = items.Scrapypj01Item()
        ctitem['title'] = title
        ctitem['author'] = author

        return ctitem

scrapy crawl ctspider -o ctspider.csv

3.3 基于管道的持久化存储：`pipelines.py`

items.py

import scrapy


class Scrapypj01Item(scrapy.Item):
    # define the fields for your item here like:
    # name = scrapy.Field()
    title = scrapy.Field()
    author = scrapy.Field()

pipelines.py: 专门用作于持久化存储

# Pipleline
# open_spider与close_spider函数名字不能修改
class Scrapypj01Pipeline(object):
    fp = None

    def open_spider(self, spider):
        print('爬虫开始')
        self.fp = open('./ctresult.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8')

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        title = item['title']
        author = item['author']
        data = '{0},{1}\n'.format(title, author)
        self.fp.write(data)
        print(data, '写入成功')
        return item

    def close_spider(self, spider):
        print('爬虫结束')
        self.fp.close()

settings.py

ITEM_PIPELINES = {
   'scrapypj01.pipelines.Scrapypj01Pipeline': 300,
}

ctspider.py

import scrapy
import scrapypj01.items as items


class CtspiderSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'ctspider'
    # allowed_domains = ['dig.chouti.com']
    start_urls = ['http://dig.chouti.com/']

    def parse(self, response):
        div_list = response.xpath('/html/body/main/div/div/div[1]/div/div[2]/div[1]/div')
        for div in div_list:
            title = div.xpath('./div/div/div[1]/a/text()').extract_first()
            author = div.xpath('./div[1]/div/div[2]/div[1]/span[1]/span/text()')[0].extract()
            
			# 实例化item类型的对象
            ctitem = items.Scrapypj01Item()
            ctitem['title'] = title
            ctitem['author'] = author

            # 将item对象提交给管道
            yield ctitem

3.4 基于 Mysql 的持久化存储

items.py

import scrapy


class Scrapypj01Item(scrapy.Item):
    # define the fields for your item here like:
    # name = scrapy.Field()
    title = scrapy.Field()
    author = scrapy.Field()

pipelines.py: 专门用作于持久化存储

# Mysql
import pymysql


# 专门用作于持久化存储
class Scrapypj01Pipeline(object):
    fp = None

    def open_spider(self, spider):
        print('爬虫开始')
        self.fp = open('./ctresult.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8')

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        title = item['title']
        author = item['author']
        data = '{0},{1}\n'.format(title, author)
        self.fp.write(data)
        print(data, '写入成功')
        return item

    def close_spider(self, spider):
        print('爬虫结束')
        self.fp.close()


class MysqlPipeline(object):
    conn = None
    cursor = None

    def open_spider(self, spider):
        print('爬虫开始')
        self.conn = pymysql.connect(host='10.1.1.8', port=3306, user='root', password='Admin@123', db='spiderdb')

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        sql = 'insert into ctinfo values(%s,%s)'
        data = (item['title'], item['author'])
        self.cursor = self.conn.cursor()
        try:
            self.cursor.execute(sql, data)
            self.conn.commit()
        except Exception as error:
            print(error)
            self.conn.rollback()
        return item

    def close_spider(self, spider):
        print('爬虫结束')
        self.cursor.close()
        self.conn.close()

settings.py

ITEM_PIPELINES = {
      'scrapypj01.pipelines.MysqlPipeline': 301,
}

ctspider.py

import scrapy
import scrapypj01.items as items


class CtspiderSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'ctspider'
    # allowed_domains = ['dig.chouti.com']
    start_urls = ['http://dig.chouti.com/']

    # 终端命令持久化存储
    def parse(self, response):
        div_list = response.xpath('/html/body/main/div/div/div[1]/div/div[2]/div[1]/div')
        for div in div_list:
            title = div.xpath('./div/div/div[1]/a/text()').extract_first()
            author = div.xpath('./div[1]/div/div[2]/div[1]/span[1]/span/text()')[0].extract()
            
			# 实例化item类型的对象
            ctitem = items.Scrapypj01Item()
            ctitem['title'] = title
            ctitem['author'] = author

            # 将item对象提交给管道
            yield ctitem

3.5 基于 Redis 的持久化存储

items.py

import scrapy


class Scrapypj01Item(scrapy.Item):
    # define the fields for your item here like:
    # name = scrapy.Field()
    title = scrapy.Field()
    author = scrapy.Field()

pipelines.py: 专门用作于持久化存储

# Redis
from redis import Redis

class RedisPipeline(object):
    conn = None

    def open_spider(self, spider):
        print('爬虫开始')
        self.conn = Redis(host='10.1.1.8', port=6379, password='Admin@123')

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        self.conn.lpush('ctlist', item)
        return item

settings.py

ITEM_PIPELINES = {
      'scrapypj01.pipelines.RedisPipeline': 302,
}

ctspider.py

import scrapy
import scrapypj01.items as items


class CtspiderSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'ctspider'
    # allowed_domains = ['dig.chouti.com']
    start_urls = ['http://dig.chouti.com/']

    # 终端命令持久化存储
    def parse(self, response):
        div_list = response.xpath('/html/body/main/div/div/div[1]/div/div[2]/div[1]/div')
        for div in div_list:
            title = div.xpath('./div/div/div[1]/a/text()').extract_first()
            author = div.xpath('./div[1]/div/div[2]/div[1]/span[1]/span/text()')[0].extract()
            
			# 实例化item类型的对象
            ctitem = items.Scrapypj01Item()
            ctitem['title'] = title
            ctitem['author'] = author

            # 将item对象提交给管道
            yield ctitem

4 基于Spider父类进行全站数据的爬取

全站数据的爬取：将所有页码对应的页面数据进行爬取
手动发起get请求：yield scrapy.Request(url,callback)
手动发起post请求：yield scrapy.FormRequest(url,formdata,callback) formdata 是一个字典表示的是请求参数

4.1 实例

import scrapy
import hySpider.items as items
import json

class HySpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'hy'
    # allowed_domains = ['huya.com']
    start_urls = ['https://www.huya.com/g/xingxiu']
    url = "https://www.huya.com/cache.php?m=LiveList&do=getLiveListByPage&gameId=1663&tagAll=0&callback=getLiveListJsonpCallback&page=%d"

    def parse(self, response):
        li_list = response.xpath('//*[@id="js-live-list"]/li')
        for li in li_list:
            title = li.xpath('./a[2]/text()')[0].extract()
            imgurl = li.xpath('./a[1]/img/@data-original').extract_first().split('?')[0]

            hyitem = items.HyspiderItem()
            hyitem['title'] = title
            hyitem['imgurl'] = imgurl
            yield hyitem

        for page in range(2, 3):
            new_url = format(self.url % page)
            # 利用回调函数调用parse_other方法
            yield scrapy.Request(url=new_url, callback=self.parse_other)

    def parse_other(self, response):
        """
        属于parse方法的递归，因此所带参数与parse方法一致
        :param response:
        :return:
        """
        res = response.text.replace('getLiveListJsonpCallback(','')
        res = res[:-1]
        res = json.loads(res)
        if res.get('status') == 200:
            data = res.get('data').get('datas')
            for obj in data:
                title = obj.get('introduction')
                imgurl = obj.get('screenshot')

                hyitem = items.HyspiderItem()
                hyitem['title'] = title
                hyitem['imgurl'] = imgurl
                yield hyitem

5 Scrapy 特性说明

5.1 scrapy爬取数据的效率设置

在配置文件中进行相关的配置即可:

增加并发：默认scrapy开启的并发线程为32个，可以适当进行增加。在settings配置文件中修改CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 100值为100,并发设置成了为100。
降低日志级别：在运行scrapy时，会有大量日志信息的输出，为了减少CPU的使用率。可以设置log输出信息为INFO或者ERROR即可。在配置文件中编写：LOG_LEVEL = 'INFO'
禁止cookie：如果不是真的需要cookie，则在scrapy爬取数据时可以禁止cookie从而减少CPU的使用率，提升爬取效率。在配置文件中编写：COOKIES_ENABLED = False
禁止重试：对失败的HTTP进行重新请求（重试）会减慢爬取速度，因此可以禁止重试。在配置文件中编写：RETRY_ENABLED = False
减少下载超时：如果对一个非常慢的链接进行爬取，减少下载超时可以能让卡住的链接快速被放弃，从而提升效率。在配置文件中进行编写：DOWNLOAD_TIMEOUT = 10 超时时间为10s

5.2 五大核心组件

Scrapy五大核心组件简介 - 帅小伙⊙∪⊙ - 博客园 (cnblogs.com)

5.3 scrapy的中间件

爬虫中间件（Spider Middleware）

下载器中间件（Downloader Middleware）

作用：批量拦截所有的请求和响应
为什么拦截请求
- 篡改请求的头信息（UA伪装）
- 修改请求对应的ip（代理）
为什么拦截响应
- 篡改响应数据，篡改响应对象

5.3.1 下载器中间件

import random
from scrapy import signals

# useful for handling different item types with a single interface
from itemadapter import is_item, ItemAdapter

user_agent_list = [
    'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10_6_8; en-us) AppleWebKit/534.50 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1 Safari/534.50',
    'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 6.1; en-us) AppleWebKit/534.50 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1 Safari/534.50',
    'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0;',
    ' Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.6; rv:2.0.1) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/4.0.1',
    'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; rv:2.0.1) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/4.0.1',
    'Opera/9.80 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.6.8; U; en) Presto/2.8.131 Version/11.11'
]


class MidwareDownloaderMiddleware:
    # Not all methods need to be defined. If a method is not defined,
    # scrapy acts as if the downloader middleware does not modify the
    # passed objects.

    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        # 篡改请求的头信息
        request.headers['User-Agent'] = random.choice(user_agent_list)
        print(request.headers['User-Agent'])

        # 代理
        request.meta['proxy'] = 'http://121.13.252.61:41564'
        print(request.meta['proxy'])
        return None

    def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
        # 篡改响应信息
        return response

    def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
        # 拦截发现异常的请求对象
        pass

5.3.2 配合selnium抓取动态加载的网站

wyspider.py

import scrapy
import wy.items as items
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service


class WyspiderSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'wyspider'
    # allowed_domains = ['163.com']
    start_urls = ['https://news.163.com/']
    module_list = []
    chrome_options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()

    # 处理SSL证书错误问题
    chrome_options.add_argument('--ignore-certificate-errors')
    chrome_options.add_argument('--ignore-ssl-errors')

    # 忽略无用的日志
    chrome_options.add_experimental_option("excludeSwitches", ['enable-automation', 'enable-logging'])
    chrome_options.binary_location = r'C:\Program Files\Google\Chrome Dev\Application\chrome.exe'
    ser = Service(r'chromedriver.exe')
    browser = webdriver.Chrome(service=ser, options=chrome_options)

    def parse(self, response):
        # 解析出每个板块所对应的URL
        modules_list = response.xpath('//*[@id="index2016_wrap"]/div[3]/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/ul/li')
        # 过滤板块
        module_index = [2, 5]
        for index in module_index:
            module_url = modules_list[index].xpath('./a/@href').extract_first()
            self.module_list.append(module_url)
            # 对过滤后的板块url进行手动发送请求
            yield scrapy.Request(url=module_url, callback=self.parse_module)

    def parse_module(self, response):
        # 用作于解析每一个板块对应页面数据中的新闻标题和新闻详情页的url
        # 注：该方法中获取的response对象是没有包含动态加载出的新闻数据（是一个不满足需求的response）
        news_list = response.xpath('/html/body/div/div[3]/div[4]/div[1]/div[1]/div/ul/li/div/div')
        for news_li in news_list:
            title = news_li.xpath('./div/h3/a/text()').extract_first()
            news_url = news_li.xpath('./div/h3/a/@href').extract_first()
            wyitem = items.WyItem()
            wyitem['title'] = title
            print(news_url)
            yield scrapy.Request(url=news_url, callback=self.parse_url, meta={'wyitem': wyitem})

    def parse_url(self, response):
        # 解析新闻详情页
        wyitem = response.meta['wyitem']
        news_content = response.xpath('//*[@id="content"]/div[2]//text()').extract()
        news_content = ''.join(news_content)
        print(news_content)
        wyitem['news_content'] = news_content

        yield wyitem

    def close(self, spider, reason):
        # 该方法只会在整个程序结束时执行一次
        self.browser.quit()

items.py

import scrapy

class WyItem(scrapy.Item):
    title = scrapy.Field()
    news_content = scrapy.Field()

middleware.py

from scrapy import signals
from time import sleep
from scrapy.http import HtmlResponse
# useful for handling different item types with a single interface
from itemadapter import is_item, ItemAdapter


class WyDownloaderMiddleware:

    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        request.headers[
            'User-Agent'] = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10_6_8; en-us) AppleWebKit/534.50 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1 Safari/534.50'
        return None

    def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
        """
        :param request: 响应对象对应的请求对象中的URL
        :param response:响应数据，可以由selenium中的page_source返回
        :param spider:爬虫类实例化的对象，可以实现爬虫类和中间件类的数据交互
        :return:news_response
        拦截到5个板块对应的响应对象，将其替换成5个符合需求的新的响应对象进行返回
        """
        if request.url in spider.module_list:
            browser = spider.browser
            browser.get(request.url)
            sleep(20)
            # 包含了动态加载的新闻数据
            page_text = browser.page_source
            news_response = HtmlResponse(url=request.url, body=page_text, encoding='utf-8', request=request)
            return news_response
        else:
            return response

pipelines.py

from redis import Redis


class RedisPipeline(object):
    conn = None

    def open_spider(self, spider):
        print('爬虫开始')
        self.conn = Redis(host='10.1.1.5', port=6379, decode_responses=True)

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        print('item: ', item)
        self.conn.lpush('wylist', item)
        return item

    def close_spider(self, spider):
        print('爬虫结束')

setting.py

ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False

## Log
LOG_LEVEL = 'ERROR'
LOG_FILE = 'log.txt'

DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
   'wy.middlewares.WyDownloaderMiddleware': 543,
}
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
   # 'wy.pipelines.WyPipeline': 300,
   'wy.pipelines.RedisPipeline': 300,
}

5.4 Scrapy 处理懒加载及高效下载媒体数据

图片懒加载：涉及到标签的伪属性，数据捕获的时候一定是基于伪属性进行
ImagePileline：Scrapy中专门用作于二进制数据下载和持久化存储的管道类

bgimgspider.py

import scrapy
from bgimg.items import BgimgItem


class BgimgspiderSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'bgimgspider'
    # allowed_domains = ['xx.cm']
    start_urls = ['https://sc.chinaz.com/tupian/bangongrenwu.html']

    def parse(self, response):
        img_list = response.xpath('/html/body/div[3]/div[2]/div')
        for img in img_list:
            imgtitle = img.xpath('./div/a/text()').extract_first()
            # 使用懒加载之前的imgsrc属性
            imgurl = img.xpath('./img/@data-original').extract_first()
            bgimgitem = BgimgItem()
            bgimgitem['imgtitle'] = imgtitle
            bgimgitem['imgurl'] = 'https:' + imgurl
            yield bgimgitem

items.py

import scrapy


class BgimgItem(scrapy.Item):
    imgtitle = scrapy.Field()
    imgurl = scrapy.Field()

piplines.py

import scrapy
from scrapy.pipelines.images import ImagesPipeline


class BgimgPipeline(ImagesPipeline):
    def get_media_requests(self, item, info):
        """
        该方法是用来对媒体资源进行请求(数据下载)
        :param item:接收到的爬虫类提交的item对象
        :param info:
        :return:
        """
        yield scrapy.Request(item['imgurl'])

    def file_path(self, request, response=None, info=None, *, item=None):
        """
        指明数据存储的路径。文件夹路径指定需要在setting.py文件中配置: IMAGES_STORE = './imglibs'
        :param request:
        :param response:
        :param info:
        :param item:
        :return:
        """
        return item['imgtitle'] + request.url.split('/')[-1]

    def item_completed(self, results, item, info):
        """
        将item传递给下一个即将被执行的管道类
        :param results:
        :param item:
        :param info:
        :return:
        """
        return item

middlewares.py

class BgimgDownloaderMiddleware:

    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        request.headers[
            'User-Agent'] = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10_6_8; en-us) AppleWebKit/534.50 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1 Safari/534.50'
        return None

    def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
        return response

    def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
        pass

setting.py

IMAGES_STORE = './imglibs'
ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False
LOG_LEVEL = 'ERROR'
LOG_FILE = 'log.txt'
DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
   'bgimg.middlewares.BgimgDownloaderMiddleware': 543,
}
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
   'bgimg.pipelines.BgimgPipeline': 300,
}

6 Scrapy 全站数据抓取

csspider.py

import scrapy
from scrapy.linkextractors import LinkExtractor
from scrapy.spiders import CrawlSpider, Rule
import crawlspider.items as items


class CsspiderSpider(CrawlSpider):
    name = 'csspider'
    # allowed_domains = ['xx.com']
    start_urls = ['https://wz.sun0769.com/political/index/politicsNewest?id=1&page=1']
    # 实例化了一个 link 提取器对象，根据指定规则（allow=’正则表达式‘）进行指定 link 的提取
    # 获取页码连接
    link = LinkExtractor(allow=r'politicsNewest\?id=1&page=\d+')
    # 获取新闻详情页的 link
    link_detail = LinkExtractor(allow=r'politics/index\?id=\d+')
    rules = (
        # 将link作用到了Rule构造方法的参数1中
        # 将 link 提取器提取到的 link 进行请求发送, 且根据指定规则对请求到的数据进行数据解析
        # follow=True：将 link 提取器继续作用到: link 提取器提取到的 link 所对应的页面中
        Rule(link, callback='parse_item', follow=False),
        Rule(link_detail, callback='parse_detail_item', follow=False),
    )

    def parse_item(self, response):
        case_list = response.xpath('/html/body/div[2]/div[3]/ul[2]/li')
        for case in case_list:
            item = items.CrawlspiderItem()
            item['case_num'] = case.xpath('./span[1]/text()').extract_first()
            item['case_status'] = case.xpath('./span[2]/text()').extract_first().strip()
            item['case_name'] = case.xpath('./span[3]/a/text()').extract_first()
            yield item

    def parse_detail_item(self, response):
        item = items.CrawlspiderItem2()
        case_num = response.xpath('/html/body/div[3]/div[2]/div[2]/div[1]/span[5]/text()').extract_first().split(':')[
            -1]
        case_detail = response.xpath('/html/body/div[3]/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/pre/text()').extract_first()
        item['case_num'] = case_num
        item['case_detail'] = case_detail
        yield item

items.py

import scrapy


class CrawlspiderItem(scrapy.Item):
    case_num = scrapy.Field()
    case_status = scrapy.Field()
    case_name = scrapy.Field()


class CrawlspiderItem2(scrapy.Item):
    case_num = scrapy.Field()
    case_detail = scrapy.Field()

piplines.py

class CrawlspiderPipeline:
    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        if item.__class__.__name__ == 'CrawlspiderItem':
            print(item)
        else:
            case_num = item['case_num']
            case_detail = item['case_detail']
            print(case_num, case_detail)
        return item

middlewares.py

class CrawlspiderDownloaderMiddleware:

    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        request.headers[
            'User-Agent'] = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10_6_8; en-us) AppleWebKit/534.50 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1 Safari/534.50'
        return None

    def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
        return response

    def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
        pass

setting.py

ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False
LOG_LEVEL = 'ERROR'
LOG_FILE = 'log.txt'
DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
   'crawlspider.middlewares.CrawlspiderDownloaderMiddleware': 543,
}
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
   'crawlspider.pipelines.CrawlspiderPipeline': 300,
}

7 Scrapy 分布式抓取网站

需要搭建一个分布式的机群，然后在机群的每一台电脑中执行同一组程序，让其对某一个网站的数据进行联合分布爬取。
原生的scrapy框架是不可以实现分布式？
- 因为调度器不可以被共享
- 管道不可以被共享
如何实现分布式？
- scrapy+scrapy_redis实现分布式
scrapy-redis组件的作用是什么？
- 可以提供可被共享的调度器和管道
- 特性：数据只可以存储到redis中。

7.1 爬取流程

分布式的实现流程：

pip install scrapy-redis

创建工程

scrapy startproject scrapyredis
cd scrapyredis 
scrapy genspider -t crawl scrapyredisspider xx.com

修改爬虫类：

导包：from scrapy_redis.spiders import RedisCrawlSpider
修改当前爬虫类的父类为RedisCrawlSpider
将allowed_domains和start_urls删除
添加一个新属性：redis_key = 'fbsqueue'，表示的是可以被共享的调度器队列的名称

编写爬虫类的其他操作

import scrapy
from scrapy.linkextractors import LinkExtractor
from scrapy.spiders import CrawlSpider, Rule
from scrapy_redis.spiders import RedisCrawlSpider
from scrapyredis.items import ScrapyredisItem

class ScrapyredisspiderSpider(RedisCrawlSpider):
    name = 'scrapyredisspider'
    # allowed_domains = ['xx.com']
    # start_urls = ['http://xx.com/']
    # 表示的是可以被共享的调试器队列的名称
    redis_key = 'fbsqueue'
    link = LinkExtractor(allow=r'politicsNewest\?id=1&page=\d+')

    rules = (
        Rule(link, callback='parse_item', follow=False),
    )

    def parse_item(self, response):
        case_list = response.xpath('/html/body/div[2]/div[3]/ul[2]/li')
        for case in case_list:
            item = ScrapyredisItem()
            item['case_num'] = case.xpath('./span[1]/text()').extract_first()
            item['case_status'] = case.xpath('./span[2]/text()').extract_first().strip()
            item['case_name'] = case.xpath('./span[3]/a/text()').extract_first()
            yield item

items.py配置

 import scrapy


class ScrapyredisItem(scrapy.Item):
    case_num = scrapy.Field()
    case_status = scrapy.Field()
    case_name = scrapy.Field()

修改settings.py配置

# UA伪装
USER_AGENT = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10_6_8; en-us) AppleWebKit/534.50 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1 Safari/534.50'

# Obey robots.txt rules
ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False
LOG_LEVEL = 'ERROR'
LOG_FILE = './log.txt'

# 使能 scrapy_redis 组件中封装好的管道
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
    'scrapy_redis.pipelines.RedisPipeline': 400
}

# 使能 scrapy_redis 组件中封装好的调度器
## 增加了一个去重容器类的配置, 作用使用Redis的set集合来存储请求的指纹数据, 从而实现请求去重的持久化
DUPEFILTER_CLASS = "scrapy_redis.dupefilter.RFPDupeFilter"
## 使用scrapy-redis组件自己的调度器
SCHEDULER = "scrapy_redis.scheduler.Scheduler"
## 配置调度器是否要持久化, 也就是当爬虫结束了, 要不要清空Redis中请求队列和去重指纹的set。如果是True, 就表示要持久化存储, 就不清空数据, 否则清空数据
SCHEDULER_PERSIST = True

# 配置爬虫程序连接redis配置
REDIS_HOST = '192.168.50.118'
REDIS_PORT = 6379
REDIS_ENCODING = 'utf-8'
# REDIS_PARAMS = {'password':'123456'}

修改redis.conf配置

# 修改默认bind
bind 0.0.0.0

# 关闭保护模式
protected-mode no

开启爬虫

# 启动redis程序
systemctl start redis

# 爬虫程序
scrapy runspider .\scrapyredis\spiders\scrapyredisspider.py

# 向调度器的队列中仍入一个起始的url，队列是存在于redis中
127.0.0.1:6379> lpush fbsqueue https://wz.sun0769.com/political/index/politicsNewest?id=1&page= [value ...]

8 Scrapy 增量式爬取网站

20.scrapy框架之增量式爬虫 - 盛夏中为你花开彼岸 - 博客园 (cnblogs.com)

8.1 实现增量式爬虫的方案：

在发送请求之前，判断url之前是否爬取过
1. 将即将进行爬取的数据对应的url存储到redis的set中，
根据爬取到的数据进行重复过滤，然后在进行持久化存储（在解析内容后判断这部分内容是不是之前爬取过）
1. 将爬取到的数据给其生成一个唯一的标识(可以将该标识作为mysql的列.可以将该标识存储到redis的set中)
写入存储介质时判断内容是不是已经在介质中存在

8.2 实现过程

zlsspider.py

import scrapy
from scrapy.linkextractors import LinkExtractor
from scrapy.spiders import CrawlSpider, Rule
from zls.items import ZlsItem
from redis import Redis


class ZlsspiderSpider(CrawlSpider):
    conn = Redis(host='192.168.50.118', port=6379)
    name = 'zlsspider'
    # allowed_domains = ['xx.com']
    start_urls = ['https://www.4567kp.com/frim/index1.html']

    # Rule 中若没有被匹配，不会解析网站
    rules = (
        Rule(LinkExtractor(allow=r'frim/index1.html'), callback='parse_item', follow=False),
    )

    def parse_item(self, response):
        movie_list = response.xpath('/html/body/div[2]/div/div[3]/div/div[2]/ul/li')
        for movie in movie_list:
            movie_detail_url = 'https://www.4567kp.com' + movie.xpath('./div/a/@href').extract_first()
            movie_name = movie.xpath('./div/a/@title').extract_first()
            item = ZlszlsItem()
            item['movie_name'] = movie_name
            ex = self.conn.sadd('movie_detail_urls', movie_detail_url)
            if ex == 1:
                print('捕获到最新更新数据！')
                yield scrapy.Request(url=movie_detail_url, callback=self.parse_detail, meta={'item': item})
            else:
                print('当前数据暂无更新。')

    def parse_detail(self, response):
        item = response.meta['item']
        movie_detail = response.xpath(
            '/html/body/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[5]/div/div[2]/div/span[2]/text()').extract_first()
        item['movie_detail'] = movie_detail
        return item

items.py

import scrapy


class ZlsItem(scrapy.Item):
    movie_name = scrapy.Field()
    movie_detail = scrapy.Field()

piplines.py

# 此处为重点，将字典数据导入至redis
class ZlsPipeline:
    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        conn = spider.conn
        dic = {
            "movie_name": item["movie_name"],
            "movie_detail": item["movie_detail"]
        }
        conn.lpush('movieData', json.dumps(dic))
        return item

setting.py

ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False
LOG_LEVEL = 'ERROR'
LOG_FILE = 'log.txt'
USER_AGENT = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10_6_8; en-us) AppleWebKit/534.50 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1 Safari/534.50'

ITEM_PIPELINES = {
   'zlszls.pipelines.ZlsPipeline': 300,
}

9 解释数据所遇到的问题

1 解析json数据

以huya返回数据为例，选择第二页时，通过ajax请求数据，获取返回内容为：

# 请求url中callback携带参数时：
https://www.huya.com/cache.php?m=LiveList&do=getLiveListByPage&gameId=1663&tagAll=0&callback=getLiveListJsonpCallback&page=2

getLiveListJsonpCallback({"status":200,"message":"","data":{...}})

# 请求url中callback不携带参数时：
https://www.huya.com/cache.php?m=LiveList&do=getLiveListByPage&gameId=1663&tagAll=0&callback=&page=2

{"status":200,"message":"","data":{...}}

2 Rule 规则若没有被正确匹配，不会解析网站内容

# Rule 中若没有被匹配，不会解析网站
    rules = (
        Rule(LinkExtractor(allow=r'frim/index1.html'), callback='parse_item', follow=False),
    )

3 通过Python 的Redis库，将scrapy的item引入至redis中

# 此处为重点，将字典数据导入至redis
class ZlsPipeline:
    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        conn = spider.conn
        dic = {
            "movie_name": item["movie_name"],
            "movie_detail": item["movie_detail"]
        }
        conn.lpush('movieData', json.dumps(dic))
        return item

posted @ 2022-12-10 11:16 f_carey 阅读(50) 评论(0) 编辑收藏举报

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f_carey

个人学习笔记，文章欢迎转发，愿与各位师傅一起学习交流。

爬虫之：Scrapy 模块

Scrapy 模块

1 Scrapy 简介

1.1 安装

1.2 Scrapy 全局命令

1.3 Scrapy项目命令

2 Scrapy 操作

2.1 创建项目操作

2.2 配置项目文件

1.4 数据解析

1.5 持久化存储流程

3 实例

3.1 基于终端命令持久化存储

3.2 引入item

3.3 基于管道的持久化存储：`pipelines.py`

3.4 基于 Mysql 的持久化存储

3.5 基于 Redis 的持久化存储

4 基于Spider父类进行全站数据的爬取

4.1 实例

5 Scrapy 特性说明

5.1 scrapy爬取数据的效率设置

5.2 五大核心组件

5.3 scrapy的中间件

5.3.1 下载器中间件

5.3.2 配合selnium抓取动态加载的网站

5.4 Scrapy 处理懒加载及高效下载媒体数据

6 Scrapy 全站数据抓取

7 Scrapy 分布式抓取网站

7.1 爬取流程

8 Scrapy 增量式爬取网站

8.1 实现增量式爬虫的方案：

8.2 实现过程

9 解释数据所遇到的问题

1 解析json数据

2 Rule 规则若没有被正确匹配，不会解析网站内容

3 通过Python 的Redis库，将scrapy的item引入至redis中

公告

f_carey

个人学习笔记，文章欢迎转发，愿与各位师傅一起学习交流。

爬虫之：Scrapy 模块

Scrapy 模块

1 Scrapy 简介

1.1 安装

1.2 Scrapy 全局命令

1.3 Scrapy项目命令

2 Scrapy 操作

2.1 创建项目操作

2.2 配置项目文件

1.4 数据解析

1.5 持久化存储流程

3 实例

3.1 基于终端命令持久化存储

3.2 引入item

3.3 基于管道的持久化存储：pipelines.py

3.4 基于 Mysql 的持久化存储

3.5 基于 Redis 的持久化存储

4 基于Spider父类进行全站数据的爬取

4.1 实例

5 Scrapy 特性说明

5.1 scrapy爬取数据的效率设置

5.2 五大核心组件

5.3 scrapy的中间件

5.3.1 下载器中间件

5.3.2 配合selnium抓取动态加载的网站

5.4 Scrapy 处理懒加载及高效下载媒体数据

6 Scrapy 全站数据抓取

7 Scrapy 分布式抓取网站

7.1 爬取流程

8 Scrapy 增量式爬取网站

8.1 实现增量式爬虫的方案：

8.2 实现过程

9 解释数据所遇到的问题

1 解析json数据

2 Rule 规则若没有被正确匹配，不会解析网站内容

3 通过Python 的Redis库，将scrapy的item引入至redis中

公告

3.3 基于管道的持久化存储：`pipelines.py`