linux程序打包成deb

前言

最近在研究如何将自己的程序打包称deb格式，用dpkg或者apt管理起来，最终我们可以使用"dpkg-buildpackage -us -uc"来生成我们的deb文档。以下为我的学习心得，将每一个步骤记录下来。

准备工作

　　一.创建一个文件夹，里面放自己的程序，或者源码，文件夹命名<packagename>-<version>。

packagename即deb软件包名称，只能含有 小写字母 (a-z), 数字 (0-9), 加号 (+) 和 减号 (-) ， 以及 点号 (.)。 软件包名最短长度两个字符；它必须以字母开头；它不能与仓库软件包名发生冲突。还有，把软件包名的长度控制在 30 字符以内是明智之举。

version即deb软件包版本号，只包含字母和数字 (0-9A-Za-z), 以及加号 (+), 波浪号 (~), 还有 点号(.)。它必须以数字开头 (0-9)。如果可能的话，最好把它的长度控制在8字符以内。 

范例：我要建立一个helloworld-1.0.0的deb软件包

　　1.创建一个文件夹：helloworld-1.0.0

　　2.将自己的程序放进去（这里我写了一个简单的脚本）

 

root@508b9712a279:/data# tree
.
└── helloworld-1.0.0
    └── sbin
        └── helloworld

2 directories, 1 file
root@508b9712a279:/data#

 

 　　3.打包：将helloworld-1.0.0打包成tar.gz

root@508b9712a279:/data# tar -zcvf helloworld-1.0.0.tar.gz helloworld-1.0.0/
helloworld-1.0.0/
helloworld-1.0.0/sbin/
helloworld-1.0.0/sbin/helloworld
root@508b9712a279:/data# ls -l
total 8
drwxrwxr-x 3 moxa moxa 4096 Oct 27 11:29 helloworld-1.0.0
-rw-rw-r-- 1 moxa moxa  226 Oct 27 11:35 helloworld-1.0.0.tar.gz
root@508b9712a279:/data#

 

　　二.使用dh_make初始化软件包

1.安装dh_make：apt install -y dh-make

2.设置dh_make默认环境变量：$DEBEMAIL 和 $DEBFULLNAME，这样大多数 Debian 维护工具就能够正确识别你用于维护软件包的姓名和电子邮件地址。我的做法是将其加在.bashrc的最后，然后再source ~/.bashrc生效。

root@508b9712a279:/data/helloworld-1.0.0# tail -n 4 ~/.bashrc
DEBEMAIL="ethandl.wang@moxa.com"
DEBFULLNAME="ethan wang"
export DEBEMAIL DEBFULLNAME

root@508b9712a279:/data/helloworld-1.0.0# source ~/.bashrc

3.检验环境变量已生效

root@508b9712a279:/data/helloworld-1.0.0# export | grep DEB
declare -x DEBEMAIL="ethandl.wang@moxa.com"
declare -x DEBFULLNAME="ethan wang"

4.初始化软件包

root@508b9712a279:/data# ls
helloworld-1.0.0  helloworld-1.0.0.tar.gz
root@508b9712a279:/data# ls
helloworld-1.0.0  helloworld-1.0.0.tar.gz
root@508b9712a279:/data# cd helloworld-1.0.0
root@508b9712a279:/data/helloworld-1.0.0# dh_make -f ../helloworld-1.0.0.tar.gz -n -s -y
Maintainer Name     : ethan wang
Email-Address       : ethandl.wang@moxa.com
Date                : Thu, 27 Oct 2022 03:56:40 +0000
Package Name        : helloworld
Version             : 1.0.0
License             : gpl3
Package Type        : single
Currently there is not top level Makefile. This may require additional tuning
Done. Please edit the files in the debian/ subdirectory now.

root@508b9712a279:/data/helloworld-1.0.0# 

-s：Automatically set the package class to Single binary, skipping the question.

-n：Create a native Debian packages

-y：Automatic yes to prompts and run non-interactively. The package class needs to be set for dh_make to run fully automatically.

 在helloworld-1.0.0内就会生成一个debian的文件夹

5. debian目录中的必需文件

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  176 Oct 27 10:36 debian/changelog
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    3 Oct 27 10:36 debian/compat
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  279 Oct 27 10:36 debian/control
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1675 Oct 27 10:36 debian/copyright
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  143 Oct 27 10:36 debian/install
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  678 Oct 27 10:36 debian/rules

debian/source:
total 4
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 13 Oct 27 10:36 format

debian/install : 如果你的软件包需要那些标准的 make install 没有安装的文件，你可以把文件名和目标路径写入 install 文件，它们将被 dh_install(1) 安装。 

root@508b9712a279:/data/helloworld-1.0.0# cat debian/install
sbin/* sbin/
root@508b9712a279:/data/helloworld-1.0.0#

更多详细资料可以参考官方文档：https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/maint-guide/dreq.zh-cn.html

创建软件包

root@508b9712a279:/data/helloworld-1.0.0# dpkg-buildpackage -us -uc
dpkg-buildpackage: info: source package helloworld
dpkg-buildpackage: info: source version 1.0.0
dpkg-buildpackage: info: source distribution unstable
dpkg-buildpackage: info: source changed by ethan wang <ethandl.wang@moxa.com>
dpkg-buildpackage: info: host architecture amd64
 dpkg-source --before-build .
 debian/rules clean
dh clean
   dh_clean
 dpkg-source -b .
dpkg-source: info: using source format '3.0 (native)'
dpkg-source: info: building helloworld in helloworld_1.0.0.tar.xz
dpkg-source: info: building helloworld in helloworld_1.0.0.dsc
 debian/rules binary
dh binary
   dh_update_autotools_config
   dh_autoreconf
   create-stamp debian/debhelper-build-stamp
   dh_prep
   dh_install
   dh_installdocs
   dh_installchangelogs
   dh_perl
   dh_link
   dh_strip_nondeterminism
   dh_compress
   dh_fixperms
   dh_missing
   dh_dwz -a
   dh_strip -a
   dh_makeshlibs -a
   dh_shlibdeps -a
   dh_installdeb
   dh_gencontrol
dpkg-gencontrol: warning: Depends field of package helloworld: substitution variable ${shlibs:Depends} used, but is not defined
   dh_md5sums
   dh_builddeb
dpkg-deb: building package 'helloworld' in '../helloworld_1.0.0_amd64.deb'.
 dpkg-genbuildinfo
 dpkg-genchanges  >../helloworld_1.0.0_amd64.changes
dpkg-genchanges: info: including full source code in upload
 dpkg-source --after-build .
dpkg-buildpackage: info: full upload; Debian-native package (full source is included)
root@508b9712a279:/data/helloworld-1.0.0#
root@508b9712a279:/data/helloworld-1.0.0#
root@508b9712a279:/data/helloworld-1.0.0#
root@508b9712a279:/data/helloworld-1.0.0# dpkg -c ../helloworld_1.0.0_amd64.deb
drwxr-xr-x root/root         0 2022-10-27 03:56 ./
drwxr-xr-x root/root         0 2022-10-27 03:56 ./sbin/
-rwxr-xr-x root/root        53 2022-10-27 03:30 ./sbin/helloworld
drwxr-xr-x root/root         0 2022-10-27 03:56 ./usr/
drwxr-xr-x root/root         0 2022-10-27 03:56 ./usr/share/
drwxr-xr-x root/root         0 2022-10-27 03:56 ./usr/share/doc/
drwxr-xr-x root/root         0 2022-10-27 03:56 ./usr/share/doc/helloworld/
-rw-r--r-- root/root       185 2022-10-27 03:56 ./usr/share/doc/helloworld/README.Debian
-rw-r--r-- root/root       141 2022-10-27 03:56 ./usr/share/doc/helloworld/changelog.gz
-rw-r--r-- root/root      1640 2022-10-27 03:56 ./usr/share/doc/helloworld/copyright
root@508b9712a279:/data/helloworld-1.0.0#

安装&运行&卸载

root@508b9712a279:/data/helloworld-1.0.0# dpkg -i ../helloworld_1.0.0_amd64.deb
Selecting previously unselected package helloworld.
(Reading database ... 20973 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack ../helloworld_1.0.0_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking helloworld (1.0.0) ...
Setting up helloworld (1.0.0) ...
root@508b9712a279:/data/helloworld-1.0.0# helloworld
hello,world, i am a deb package.
root@508b9712a279:/data/helloworld-1.0.0# dpkg --purge helloworld
(Reading database ... 20978 files and directories currently installed.)
Removing helloworld (1.0.0) ...
root@508b9712a279:/data/helloworld-1.0.0#