Xx_Introduction

  • Character input and output is by more line character conpose of the text flow 
  • Define name common use capital  letter,easy read.
  • The Standard C Library ----->provide I/O model ------>use character flow way.

Ax_Application

  • file copy,charater count,line count,word count

Bx_Method

  • I/O model common use getchar and putchar,interactive use of putchar and printf. 
    1 getchar()     //read next character
2 putcahr()     //print next character
3 printf()        //print next(bunch) character
  • File Copy
    • file copy version 1 
       1 #include<stdio.h>
 2 
 3 int main()
 4 {
 5     int c;
 6     
 7     c = getchar();
 8     while(c != EOF){
 9         putchar(c);
10         c = getchar();
11     }
12 }
    • file copy version 2 
       1 #include<stdio.h>
 2 
 3 int main()
 4 {
 5     int c;
 6     
 7     while((c = getchar())!= EOF){
 8         putchar(c);
 9     }
10 }

      != : unequal to. priority overtop assignment(=)             EOF:end of file

    • Conclusion:computer use bit storage of character and any data type.
    • Assignment can portion of expression.
    • Complex statement simple easy read,but so hard understand.
    • Due to unequal to relational operator(!=) priority not overtop assignment(=),so c expression use bracket. 
       1 #include <stdio.h>
 2 
 3 int main()
 4 {
 5     int c;
 6 
 7     while (c = getchar() != EOF){
 8         printf("%d\n",c);
 9     }
10     printf("%d - at EOF\n",c);
11     return 0;
12 }

      if not use bracket,will priority operation EOF,value by 1,if input end or else print "c - at EOF".

    • Print EOF value programming 
      1 #include <stdio.h>
2 
3 int main()
4 {
5     printf("EOF is %d\n",EOF);
6     return 0;
7 }

      character constant EOF is in <stdio.h> file definition,value by -1 

    • In other system can by definition other value. 
  • Charater Count(2019-10-8 update)
    • Character count version 1 
       1 #include <stdio.h>
 2 
 3 int main()
 4 {
 5     // version 1
 6     long nc;
 7 
 8     nc = 0;
 9     while (getchar() != EOF)
10         ++nc;
11     printf("%ld\n",nc-1);
12     return 0;
13 }

      ++(--) is operater, be euivalent to eg(nc = nc + 1);impression add one.

    • ++(--) use a prefix effect in variable before add.in suffix it's first call variable before use progressive increase.
    • Long than int more big,long support 32bit int support 16bit,but different system imparity,long in printf use %ld.
    • Character version 2 
      1 #include <stdio.h>
2 int main()
3 {
4     double nc;
5     for (nc = 0; getchar() != EOF;++nc)
6     ;
7     printf("%.0f\n", nc-1);
8     return 0;
9 }

      double and float use %f format output.double more than float.

    • For circulation a circulation body must exsit,null statement for alone semicolon(;).
    • Important is circulation in execute programs before must judge test condition whether it meets. 
  • Line Count
    • mind:line equal to line break number.
    • Line count program 
       1 #include <stdio.h>
 2 int main()
 3 {
 4     int c,nl;
 5 
 6     nl = 0;
 7     while ((c = getchar()) != EOF)
 8         if (c == '\n')
 9             ++nl;
10     printf("%d\n",nl);
11     return 0;
12 }

       ==:mean equal.      'A':mean character constant.corresponding ASCII number.

  • Count blanks,tabs,and newlines.

    •  

      version 1

    •  1 #include <stdio.h>
 2 int main()
 3 {
 4     int c, nb, nt, nl;
 5 
 6     nb = 0;     /* number of blanks     */
 7     nt = 0;     /* number of tabs       */
 8     nl = 0;     /* number of newlines   */
 9     while ((c = getchar()) != EOF){
10         if ( c == ' ')
11             ++nb;
12         if ( c == '\t')
13             ++nt;
14         if ( c == '\n')
15             ++nl;
16     }
17     printf("blanks:%6d\ntabs:%6d\nnewlines:%6d\n", nb, nt, nl);
18     return 0;
19 }

      ....>>>

    • version 2 
       1 #include <stdio.h>
 2 int main()
 3 {
 4     int c, nb, nt, nl;
 5 
 6     nb = 0;     /* number of blanks     */
 7     nt = 0;     /* number of tabs       */
 8     nl = 0;     /* number of newlines   */
 9     while ((c = getchar()) != EOF)
10         if ( c == ' ')
11             ++nb;
12         else ( c == '\t')
13             ++nt;
14         else ( c == '\n')
15             ++nl;
16 
17     printf("blanks:%6d\ntabs:%6d\nnewlines:%6d\n", nb, nt, nl);
18     return 0;
19 }
      View Code

      but I not  successful execute.

  • Replace string of blanks with a single blank
    • version 1 
       1 #include <stdio.h>
 2 #define NONBLANK 'a'
 3 int main()
 4 {
 5     int c, lastc;
 6 
 7     lastc = NONBLANK;
 8     while (( c = getchar()) != EOF){
 9         if (c != ' ')
10             putchar(c);
11         if (c == ' ')
12             if (lastc != ' ')
13                 putchar(c);
14         lastc = c;
15     }
16     return 0;
17 }
      View Code

      one if statement control nonblank output.tow if statement deal with blank.three blank check blank is one or more blank.last print c.

    • version 2

       1 #include<stdio.h>
 2 #define NONBLANK 'a'
 3 int main()
 4 {
 5     int c, lastc;
 6 
 7     lastc = NONBLANK;
 8     while ((c = getchar()) != EOF ){
 9         if (c != ' ')
10             putchar(c);
11         else if (lastc != ' ')
12             putchar(c);
13         lastc = c;
14     }
15     return 0;
16 }
      View Code

      ok,success!

    • version 3 
       1 #include <stdio.h>
 2 
 3 #define NONBLANK 'a'
 4 int main()
 5 {
 6     int c, lastc;
 7 
 8     lastc = NONBLANK;
 9     while ((c = getchar()) != EOF){
10         if (c != ' ' || lastc != ' ')
11             putchar(c);
12         lastc = c;
13     }
14     return 0;
15 }
      View Code

      this method use logic simbol (OR) || realize.

    •  ok,this aim at blank deal wilth three method.

  • Replace tabs and backspaces with visible characters.
    • Realize 
       1 #include<stdio.h>
 2 int main()
 3 {
 4     int c;
 5 
 6     while ((c = getchar())!= EOF){
 7         if (c == '\t')
 8             printf("\\t");
 9         if (c == '\b')
10             printf("\\b");
11         if (c == '\\')
12             printf("\\\\");
13         if (c != '\b')
14             if (c != '\t')
15                 if (c != '\\')
16                     putchar(c);
17     }
18     return 0;
19 }
      View Code

       

       why？//？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？------------------------------program bug.......I brain in the blue screen.so,go to www.baidu.com to find out.

    • Truth  to version 2 
       1 #include<stdio.h>
 2 int main()
 3 {
 4     int c;
 5 
 6     while ((c = getch())!= EOF){              /*getchar not identify keyboard backspace.*/
 7         if (c == '\t')
 8             printf("\\t");
 9         if (c == '\b')
10             printf("\\b");
11         if (c == '\\')
12             printf("\\\\");
13         if (c != '\b')
14             if (c != '\t')
15                 if (c != '\\')
16                     putchar(c);
17     }
18     return 0;
19 }
      View Code

      getchar not catch backspace so,will getchar replace getch. getch() can catch any print behavior.

    •  oh,yes!

    • It can also be used if-else. to version 3 
       1 #include <stdio.h>
 2 int main()
 3 {
 4     int c;
 5 
 6     while((c = getch())!= EOF)
 7         if (c == '\t')
 8             printf("\\t");
 9         else if (c == '\b')
10             printf("\\b");
11         else if (c == '\\')
12             printf("\\\\");
13         else
14             putchar(c);
15     return 0;
16 }
      View Code

      ok.next is a word count.

  • word count
    • count input lines,words and strings number. 
       1 #include <stdio.h>
 2 #define IN 1
 3 #define OUT 0
 4 
 5 int main()
 6 {
 7     int c, nl, nw, nc, state;
 8 
 9     state = OUT;
10     nl = nw = nc = 0;
11     while ((c = getchar())!= EOF){
12         ++nc;
13         if (c == '\n')
14             ++nl;
15         if (c == ' ' || c == '\n' || c == '\t')
16             state = OUT;
17         else if (state == OUT){
18             state = IN;
19             ++nw;
20         }
21     }
22     printf("lines:%9d\nword:%9d\nstring:%9d\n",nl,nw,nc);
23     return 0;
24 }
      View Code

      &&:AND  ||: OR , AND higher priority OR. expression from left to right.         a = b = c = 0   if meanwhile include value and assignment two type,order from right to left.

    • IF statement 
      1 if(expression)
2     statement1       /* true */
3 else
4     statement2       /* false */
5 else if (expression){
6     statement1       /* true*/
7     ...
8 }

      true or false.

  • Print input one word per line.
    • last practical program.very basis.very important. 
       1 #include<stdio.h>
 2 
 3 #define IN 1
 4 #define OUT 0
 5 
 6 int main()
 7 {
 8     int c, state;
 9 
10     state = OUT;
11     while ((c = getchar()) != EOF){
12         if (c == ' ' || c == '\n' || c == '\t'){
13             if (state == IN){
14                 putchar('\n');
15                 state = OUT;
16             }
17         } else if (state == OUT){
18             state = IN;
19             putchar(c);
20         } else
21             putchar(c);
22     }
23     return 0;
24 }
      View Code

      state is a BOOL value.

 

 

Cx_Conclusion

  1. I/O model common use getchar and putchar,interactive use of putchar and printf.
  2. File Copy
  3. Charater Count
  4. Line Count
  5. Count blanks,tabs,and newlines.
  6. Replace string of blanks with a single blank
  7. Replace tabs and backspaces with visible characters.
  8. word count
  9. Print input one word per line.
  10. getchar and putchar printf().and putch()
  11. != and ==\=
  12. ++ / -- 
  13. EOF
  14. LONG and DOUBLE
  15. while and if else
  16. ASCII 'A'
  17. || OR  ; && AND